CIHM 
Microfiche 
Series 
(iUionographs) 


ICMH 

Collection  de 
microfiches 
(monographles) 


Canadian  Instituto  for  Hittoiicai  MIcimvpiiodiictions  /  Instltut  ca^ 


vnL'xwfc.'S 


S^'^Vif 


1 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes  /  Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best  original 
copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this  copy  which 
may  be  bibliographically  unique,  which  may  alter  any  of 
the  images  in  the  reproduction,  or  which  may 
signilicantly  change  the  usual  method  of  filming  are 
checiced  below. 


IZI 


Coloured  covers  / 
Coirverture  de  couleur 


0  Covers  damaged  / 
Couverture  endommagde 

□  Covers  restored  and/or  laminated  / 
Couverture  restaurie  et/ou  pelliculie 

Cover  title  missing  /  Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps  /  Cartes  g^ographiques  en  couleur 


D 
D 
D 
D 


Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)  t 
Encre  de  couleur  (l.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations  / 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material  / 
Reli6  avec  d'autres  documents 

Only  editton  available  / 
Seule  iditton  disponible 


Vy\  Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortton  atong 


D 


D 


interior  margin  /  La  reliure  serrie  peut  causer  de 
I'ombre  ou  de  la  distorston  le  long  de  la  marge 
intdrieure. 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restorattons  may  appear 
within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these  have  been 
omitted  from  filming  /  Use  peut  que  cerlaines  pages 
blanches  ajoutdes  iors  d'une  restauration 
apparalssent  dans  le  texte,  mals,  lorsque  ce!a  <talt 
possible,  ces  pages  n'ont  pas  M  film^es. 

Addittonal  comments  / 
Conrwnenlaires  supplimenlalres: 


L'Institut  a  microfltmA  le  meilleur  exemplaire  qu'il  lui  a 
k\k  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details  de  cet  exem- 
plaire qui  sont  peut-£tre  unk^ues  du  point  de  vue  bibli- 
ographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier  une  iniage  reproduile, 
ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une  modification  dans  la  m^tho- 
de  normale  de  filmage  sont  indk)u6s  ci-dessous. 

I     I  Cok>ured  pages  /  Pages  de  couleur 

\/\  Pages  damaged / Pages  endommag^es 


D 


Pages  restored  and/or  laminated  / 
Pages  restaurtes  et/ou  pellicul^es 


rr]  Pages  discotoured,  stained  or  foxed  / 
LlJ  Pages  dteolortes,  tachetdes  ou  pk^u^es 

I  Pages  detached  /  Pages  d^tach^es 

Showthrough  /  Transparence 


/I  Quality  of  print  varies  / 
li^  Oualit^  in^gale  de  I'impresston 


D 
D 


D 


includes  supplementary  material  / 
Comprend  du  materiel  suppl^mentalre 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata  slips, 
tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilnoed  to  ensure  the  best 
possible  image  /  Les  pages  totalement  ou 
partietlement  obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une 
pelure,  etc.,  ont  i\h  filmies  &  nouveau  de  fa9on  ii 
obtenir  la  nrteilieure  image  possible. 

Opposing  pages  with  varying  colouration  or 
discolourations  are  filmed  twice  to  ensure  the  best 
possible  inr^ge  /  Les  pages  s'opposant  ayant  des 
colorations  variables  ou  des  decolorations  sont 
film^es  deux  fois  afin  d'obtenir  la  meilleure  image 
possible. 


This  li«m  Is  filmed  at  th«  rttfuOlon  rttSo  cNctittf  ttlow  / 

C«  documtnt  tit  film<  au  laux  dt  rMucUen  intflqu<  chdtiteut. 


lOx 

14x 

18x 

22x 

26x 

30x 

y 

1 

12x 


16x 


20x 


24x 


28x 


32x 


TiM  copy  filmad  h«r«  has  b««n  raproducad  thanks 
to  tha  ganarosity  of: 

Thomw  FiilMr  Rart  Book  Lfenry. 
Univanity  of  Toronto  Library 

Tha  imagas  appaaring  hara  ara  tha  bast  quality 
possibia  considaring  tha  condition  and  iagibiiity 
of  tha  originai  copy  and  in  kaaping  with  tha 
KIming  contract  spacifications. 


Original  copias  in  printad  papar  covars  ara  filmad 
baginning  with  tha  front  covar  and  anrting  on 
tha  last  paga  with  a  printad  or  illustratad  impras- 
sion.  or  tha  back  covar  whan  appropriata.  All 
othar  original  copias  ara  filmad  baginning  on  tha. 
first  paga  with  a  printad  or  illustratad  impras- 
sion.  and  anding  on  tha  last  paga  with  a  printad 
or  illustratad  Imprassion. 


Tha  last  racordad  frama  on  aach  microficha 
shall  contain  tha  symbol  — »•  (moaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  Y  (moaning  "END"), 
whichavar  applias. 

IMaps.  platas.  charts,  ate.  may  ba  filmad  at 
diffarant  raduction  ratios.  Thosa  too  larga  to  ba 
antiraly  ircludad  in  ona  axposura  ara  filmad 
baginning  in  tha  uppar  laft  hand  cornar,  laft  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  framas  as 
raquirad.  Tha  following  diagrams  IMustrata  tha 
mathod: 


1 

2 

3 

1  2 

4  5 


L'«x«mplair«  film*  fut  raproduit  grAc*  i  la 
g4n4rosM  d«: 

Thonws  FMMf  Ran  Book  Library. 
UnhMTtity  of  Toronto  Library 

Lm  ImagM  tuivantaa  ont  4tt  raproduitas  avac  la 
plus  grand  aoin.  compta  tanu  da  la  condition  at 
da  la  nattati  da  I'axamplaira  film*,  at  an 
conformiti  avac  las  conditions  du  contrat  da 
fllmaga. 

Las  axamplalras  orlginaux  dont  la  couvartura  an 
paplar  ast  Imprimta  sent  film*s  an  commandant 
par  la  pramisr  plat  at  an  tarminant  soit  par  la 
darniira  paga  qui  comporta  una  amprainta 
d'impraaslon  ou  d'illustration.  soit  par  la  sacond 
plat,  salon  la  cas.  Tcus  laa  autras  axamplalras 
orlginaux  sont  filmto  an  commandant  par  la 
pr*mlira  paga  qui  comporta  uita  amprainta 
d'impraaslon  ou  d'illustration  at  an  tarminant  par 
la  darnl*ra  paga  qui  comporta  una  talla 
amprainta. 

Un  daa  symbolaa  suivants  apparaltra  sur  la 
darniira  imaga  da  chaqua  microficha.  salon  la 
cas:  la  symbols  — ^  signifia  "A  SUIVRE".  la 
symbols  V  signifia  'FIN  ". 

Las  cartas,  planchas,  tablaaux,  ate.  pauvant  ttra 
fllmte  *  das  taux  da  rMuction  dlff*rants. 
Lc)i3%^a  la  documant  ast  trap  grand  pour  Atra 
raproduit  an  un  saul  clich*.  11  ast  film*  *  partir 
da  I'angla  supiriaur  gaucha.  da  gaucha  *  drolta. 
at  da  haut  an  bas.  an  pranant  la  nombra 
d'imagaa  nteassalra.  Las  diagrammas  suivants 
illustrant  la  mAthoda. 


2 

3 

5 

6 

««c»oconr  iboiution  tbt  chait 

(ANSI  and  ISO  TEST  CHART  No.  2) 


A 


y'P'PUSOi  BVHGE    he 

^•93  Eait  IWn  S«f«at 

(718)  402  -  0300  -  Phon* 
(rU)  MB- 5889 -r« 


f» 


-ur 


^ V- .       .  .  " 


A  HANDBOOK 

of 


FIRST 


¥ 


BAUER  &  BLACK 

CHICAGO      NEW  YORK      TORONTO     ^ 


i 


MS/^o  '>^o 


A  Handbook  of 

FIRST  AID 

I?i  ACCIDENTS 
EMERG KNCIES 
POISONING 
SUNSTROKE,  Etc. 


By  DR.   GUSi'AVUS  M.   BLECH 

Chief  Surgeon  Lincoln  Hospital;  Member 
Consulting  Staff  Cook  County  Hospital; 
A.ssistant  Division  Surgeon, 
33rd  U.  S.  Infantry  (  Illinois). 
Formerly  Director-in- Chief  American 
Red  Cross  Field  Corps,  T'inois  Division 

Always  call  the  doctor 

Remember  First  Aid  is  only  first  aid 


BAUER    &    BLACK 

CHICAGO    an  J    NEW    YORK. 

BAUKR  &  BLACK,  Limited 

TORONTO.  CANADA 


Cttjritht  1916  h  Baurr  &■-  BUci 


r 


BE  DOUBLE  SURE 

This  book  is  not  an  advertisement.  It  is  written 
by  a  master  surgeon  who  has  no  connection  with  Bauer 
it  Black. 

But  all  advice  on  first  aid  must  inchide  this  caution: 
Be  sure  that  all  dressings  are  utterly  sterile.  Any 
break  in  th(>  skin  offers  an  opening  for  germs. 

Home-made  bandages  are  not  proper  applications 
for  a  wound.  Sterile  Absorbent  Cotton  should  be  kept 
on  hand  in  a  package  which  keeps  it  sterile.  Also 
Bandages  and  Gauze. 

Your  doctor,  we  think,  would  advise  you  to  get 
the  B  &  B  surgical  dressings.  He  knows  that  our 
products  are  twice  sterilized,  to  make  doubly  sure. 

B  &  B  Absorbent  Cotton  comes  in  Handy  Packages. 
You  cut  off  what  is  wanted  without  ever  removing 
the  roll. 

So  with  our  Sterile  Gauze. 

B  &  B  Formaldehyde  Fuir'i;ators  are  twice  as 
strong  as  the  usual,  to  make  then  doubly  sure. 

B  &  B  products  are  dependable  because  of  these 
extra  precauti(ms.    One  feels  safe  in  their  employment. 

In  equipping  yourself  for  first-aid  treatments  these 
things  should  be  considered.  One  cannot  be  too  care- 
ful. You  can  make  sure  by  insisting  on  the  B  &  B 
brand. 

For  over  25  years  these  B  &  B  products  have  held 
the  respect  of  phj'^sicians  and  hospitals. 

BAUER  &  BLACK 
2 


.^- 


INTROUUCTION 

Sciirrelv  a  «lav  pasHPfl  but  what  some  work«'r  is  iiijtiiv.l  in  tin- 
«l,..r»,  nam-,  railroad  yanl,  or  «-v.'..  on  t.h.-  stnvt  or  at  h.>nu>. 

In    other   words,    accidents    ;>i..l    cniernencies    eii.lanKerinit 
human  live8  are  very  frequent. 

TheDropertliinntodoinallHUcli  cases  is  tocall  in  i  physicuin. 
hut  a-s  some  time  must  ehipse  »)efore  he  can  reach  the  scene, 
and  as  timelv  and  proper  ai<i  may  he  n.  .essir/y  to  save  li  . . 
'verv  man  and  woman  should  know  enoti^h  of  th.;  principles 
o{jirM-aid  to  do  the  rijtht  thintt  until  n-nubr  me.h.al  ;,i.sistaiu-e 
an  be  obtained. 

The  entire  subject  of /irsMu./ is  not  ditlicuh  Krmcrui)cr  th;.t 
no  one  expects  a  layman  to  do  what  is  cxpecte.l  ot  a  doctor  nor 
"o  know  as  much  about  the  human  bo.ly  and  its  h-nctions 
(workingsX  But  what  is  expe(  ted  «>f  men  an<i  wom.-n  is  Jiat 
they  kno     enounh  to  be  useful. 

Not  all  persons  are  fit  to  render  y/r«/-fl/./,  even  though  tlicy 
know  from  Btudv  all  about  the  character  ..  injuries  and  emer- 
uencies,  for  the  man  or  woman  who  is  likely  to  >jct  excit.  I  or 
faint  at  the  sipht  of  blood  coming  from  a  wounfl,  (;an  do  the 
injured  no  goo«l. 

One  must  be  able  to  control  his  oxvn  miml  by  soim-  Mich 
thought  as:  "Here  is  a  man  cut  by  a  machine  and  blood  is 
flowing  fast-if  this  flow  is  not  qui.-kly  stoppe<l  he  may  du;. 
Now  1  must  keep  cool  and  stop  that  flow,  tor  1  know  what  to  do. 

Or,  a  man  has  fallen  .lown  the  steps  and  he  li(>s  groaning  and 
only  half  conscious  on  the  ground.  A  dozen  people  rus.i  to  him 
even-body  is  more  or  less  excited  and  everybodv  offers  all  sort.-, 
of  advice,  most  of  it  foolish.  Here  the  m.m  «,l"».""^l^;''f  ^.'"' "^ 
first^id  knows  what  to  do  and  can  step  forward  give  one  com- 
mand and  assume  fill  control.  Usually  eyerybo.ly  eb,e  will 
realize  that  the  firm  rnit  quiet  tone  means  that  he  rieht  man  has 
come  and  th^y  will  gladly  obey  bun. 

Therefore,  secure  the  necessary  knowledge  Read  the  tbllow- 
ing  pages  slowly  and  carefully.  We  have  tried  to  make  the  studv 
offrsSid  as  easv  as  language  can  make  it;  we  have  not  burdened 
the  book  with  scientific  things  which  are  not  essential. 

In  conclusion  let  us  remind  you  that  whenever  you  want  to 
consult  this  book  in  a  hurry,  you  will  find  at  the  back  a  complete 
Sx  and  at  the  front  a  tkble  of  contents,  both  of  which  direct 
you  to  the  page  where  you  will  find  the  neces.sary  mtormation. 
For  example :  A  man  has  swaUowed  carbolic  acid  by  mistak-. 
You  have  forgotten  what  to  do.  NaturaUy  this  comes  under  tuo 
class  of  poisoSing.  You  will  find  the  page  by  lookmg  up  'poison- 
ing"  in  the  index.  Should  you  look  for  "carbohc  acid  you  wiU 
find  the  page  listed  under  that  name,  too. 

For  general  reading  on  special  subjects  use  the  table  of 
contents. 

8 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 

Index  at  back  of  book 

IntrcMlnction 3 

CHAPTER  I 

The  IIuM:an  Body 5 

CHAITER  II 
Cleanliness      10 

CHAPIER  III 
Wounds 12 

CHAPTER  IV 
Hemorrhage 13 

CHAPTER  V 
Shock  (Collapse) 21 

CHAI»TER  VI 
Fainting  (Syncope) 22 

CHAPTER  VII 
Burns 23 

CHAPTER  VIII 
Dislocations 24 

CHAPTER  IX 
Fractures  or  Broken  Bones 26 

CHAPTER  X 
Sprains 34 

CHAPTER  X! 
Bruises 34 

CHAPTER  XII 
Electric  Shock — Lightning 35 

CHAPTER  XIII 
Drowning 38 

CHAPTER  XIV 
Poisoning 41 

CHAPTER  XV 
Sunstroke — Heatstroke 54 

CHAPTER  XVI 
Bandaging 56 

CHAPTER  XVII 
Artificial  Respiration *    ...  61 

CHAPTER  XVIII 
Carrying  Patients 63 

CHAPTF^  XIX 
Foreign  Bodies 71 

4 


CHAPTKR  1 


THE  HUMAN  BODY 

No  ono  will  vonturo  to  meddle  with  a  good  wateh 
without  knowing  its  niechiini!»ni,  bertiUHO  one  is  ar-.iid 
the  watch  will  lie  coniph'tely  runied.    So  ov    ^anf  .  the 
watch  to  an  expert   who  knows  how  to  K'pj»'     and 
adjust  the  little  wheels,  .springs  and  fastenings.     It  is 
-,trauge,  therefore,  that  when  b  man's  body  is  out  of 
g(>ar  or  injured,  people  who  know  next  to  nothing  alwut 
it  are  prepared  1o  atlvise  the  ust>  of  all  sorts  of  laedi- 
ciiies,  >alves,  lotions,  or  dressings,  without  realizhig 
where  and  what  the  trouble  is  and  whether  life  may  not 
l>e  endangered  by  harmful  treat uient.     Even  the  so- 
called  harmless  remedies  may  prove  dangerous  bccau>e 
in  reality  nothing  is  being  done  for  the  sick  body  and 
valuable  time  is  allowed  to  pass  so  that  often  proper 
help  may  come  too  late. 

The  first  thing  is  to  know  something  of  the  bcxly. 
Of  course  everybody  knows  that  the  human  body  i  cv 
very  complicated  affair,  and  doctor'  themselves  adi.  . 
that  the  study  of  all  the  organs  is  one  of  the  most 
difficult  things  thev  have  to  learn.  Fortunately  a  man 
trained  for  Jirst-aid  does  not  have  to  know  all  these 
(lei  ails. 

Glance  at  yourself  i^  the  mirror.  You  see  first  of 
all  your  face  and  the  front  part  of  your  head,  following 
downward  comes  the  neck,  then  the  chest,  the  abdo- 
men, the  lower  limbs— the  legs.  Glancing  again  at  the 
chest  you  notice  your  shoulders  and  arms.  By  placing 
a  mirror  at  your  back  you  can  see  how  your  head  and 
neck  look  on  that  side.  Below  that  the  separation  of 
chest  and  abdomen  is  impossible — the  entire  back 
looking  like  a  curved  surface.  The  entire  body  is 
covered  by  the  skin. 

Look  closely  at  the  skin  and  you  will  see  fine  hairs 
everywhere.  Hair  in  large  quantities  covers  the  top 
of  the  head,  the  upper  and  lower  eyelids  (lashes), 
under  the  arms,  etc. 


Look  at  your  face  again.  There  you  have  the  eyes, 
the  ears,  the  nose  and  the  mouth.  Everybody  knows 
without  special  instructions  what  these  organs  are  for. 

All  this  is  but  a  brief  enumeration  of  what  you 
already  know. 

The  Muscles.  Let  us  assume  now  that  the  skin 
is  stripped  ofiF.  The  body  will  show  "fleshy"  parts. 
These  fleshy  parts,  which  run  in  groups  and  give  the 
"form"  of  the  body  are  called  muscles.  It  is  not 
necessary  that  you  know  their  names,  nor  their  exact 
construction.  It  is  sufficient  to  know  that  their  prin- 
cipal purpose  is  to  produce  motion.  When  you  walk, 
turn,  lift,  sit  down,  work,  etc.,  it  is  done  by  means  of 
the  muscles. 

The  muscles  are  attached  to  bones  at  their  ends. 
These  ends  are  harder  than  the  rest  of  the  muscle  and 
look  like  cords.     They  are  the  tendons. 

The  Bones.  The  bones  of  the  body  are  of  special 
interest  to  us  and  it  is  necessary  that  you  know  the 
principal  ones. 

Look  at  the  plate.  You  can  see  the  bones  of  the 
human  body  just  as  they  are  in  nature,  with  every- 
thing else — muscles,  skin,  fat,  etc.,  removed.  All  the 
bones  of  the  body  form  the  skeleton. 

Look  first  at  the  bones  of  the  head — the  skull. 
You  can  see  the  jaws  and  the  hollows  for  the  eyes. 
You  notice  that  the  head  proper  seems  to  be  one 
round  bone,  like  an  irregular  ball.  In  reality  the  skull 
is  composed  of  several  bones,  but  they  are  practically 
groA\Ti  together  into  one.  This  is  necessary  because 
inside  the  skull  is  the  brain,  which  is  soft  and  delicate. 

An  injury  to  the  brain  is  a  very  serious  matter. 
The  brain  is  the  principal  battery,  giving  life.  We  not 
only  think,  see,  and  hear  and  feel,  but  practically  all 
our  ])o(lily  functions  are  controlled  by  the  brain.  If 
the  brain  is  injured  or  diseased  the  sufferer  may  lose 
speech,  consciousness,  ability  to  see,  hear,  or  walk — 
all  depending  upon  what  part  is  affected.  You  can 
readily  understand,  that  such  an  important  and  deli- 
cate organ  needs  special  protection. 

6 


A 


When  you  send  a  delicate  piece  of  glassware  by 
express,  you  put  around  it  sawdust  or  excelsior  and 
make  sure  that  the  shipping  box  is  very  strong  to 
resist  jarring.  That  is  just  exactly  the  way  the  brain 
is  protected.  Tlie  outside  "box"  is  very  strong  (l)ecause 
rounil  and  solid)  and  between  it  and  the  brain  is  a 
fluid  and  a  delicate  skin  which  reduce  the  effect  of 
jarring. 

The  skull  rests  on  the  "backbone."  You  can  notice 
that  the  long  backbone  is  not  solid,  but  composed  of 
a  number  of  small  bones,  which  are  not  joined  very 
tightly,  as  between  them  is  a  disk  of  softer  material  than 
bone — called  cartilage.  This  backbone  is  called  the 
fipinal  column.  It  is  hollow  throughout  and  contains 
a  continuation  of  the  brain— the  spinal  cord.  While 
the  spinal  cord  is  not  so  delicate  as  the  brain  itself,  it 
has.  like  the  brain,  important  functions  and  therefore 
needs  protection.  The  fact  that  the  spinal  column  is 
not  solid  does  not  mean  that  the  protection  is  poor. 
The  spinal  column  must  be  flexible  to  enable  us  to 
stoop,  crawl,  climb  or  lean  back.  It  takes  lots  of 
force  to  break  any  one  or  more  of  the  bones  of  the 
spinal  coluum  (called  vertebrae) — but  when  they  are 
broken  or  dislocated  there  is,  of  course,  great  danger 
that  the  cord  itself  may  become  injured,  in  which  case 
t  he  victim  becomes  paralyzed.  We  shall  say  something 
of  this  at  the  end  of  this  section. 

Now  notice  that  the  upper  part  of  the  spinal 
column  has  twelve  ribs  on  each  side — twenty-four  in 
all.  These  are  not  attached  firmly,  but  are  movable; 
and  while  they  look  like  hoops  around  a  barrel  they 
do  not  hold  the  chest  solid.  In  the  chest  are  the  lungs 
and  the  heart.  The  lungs  take  in  air  and  the  ribs  then 
expand  to  allow  the  chest  space  to  become  larger. 

In  front,  the  ribs  are  joined  by  the  breast  bone, 
which  is  shaped  like  a  short  sword.  On  top  of  the  chest 
in  front  are  the  two  collar  bones;  and  at  the  back,  the 
flat  shoulder  blades — you  can  feel  them  on  your  own 
body.     They  are  very  often  broken. 

Below  jxu  see  the  spinal  column  end  in  a  tri- 
angular bone.     On  each  side  are  flat,  thick,  irregular 

S 


Dones,  forming  togctluT  wliat  ifs  known  as  tlu-  jkU'is. 
which  means  a  basin.  These  bones  protect  tiie  bladder, 
the  lowest  part  of  the  bowels  and  the  inner  sexual 
organs.  Now  look  at  the  large  hip  bone,  the  knee-cap, 
the  two  leg  bones  and  the  many  little  bones  of  the 
f,„,t — and  see  how  similar  the  arrangement  is  to  the 
arms.  Any  one  familiar  with  mechanics  can  readily 
>ee  that  these  bones,  where  they  meet,  form  joints. 
These  joints  are  ver\  important.  The  bones  being 
solid,  give  the  body  form.  The  joints  afford  us  the 
aliility  to  move.  If  the  joint  is  Hke  a  hinge,  as  is  the 
knee,  we  can  move  the  corresponding  organs,  namely 
thigh  and  leg,  just  like  a  door  on  hinges — bac  ward  and 
forward.  Where  the  joint  is  like  a  ball  and  socket,  as 
\ou  see  at  the  top  of  the  hip  bone— motion  is  possible 
in  all  directions. 

The  Blood.  It  is  important  that  you  know  how 
the  bodv  is  nourished.  We  eat  and  drink  and  breathe 
to  give  the  V^ody  fuel— but  tlie  agency  that  sustains 
us  IS  the  blood,  which  takes  up  from  the  food  and  air 
what  is  needed  to  nourish  all  the  parts  of  the  body- 
even  the  skin  and  hair. 

The  blood  is  of  great  importanco  to  us.  Place  the 
finger  tips  of  one  hand  where  the  "pulse"  can  be  felt. 
Imagine  a  sli  >  knife  opening  the  blootl  vessel. 
The  blood  will  come  out  in  great  jets.  In  a  very  few 
minutes  so  much  of  it  will  be  lost  that  a  man  will  die. 

The  loss  of  blood  even  from  smaller  blood  vessels 
may  become  dangerous  if  not  stopped.  To  know  how 
to  promptly  stop  a  hemorrhage  (bleeding),  you  nmst 
know  something  of  the  way  the  blood  runs  m  the 
j„,dy— the  so-called  circulation.  You  must  look  upon 
the  heart  as  a  central  pumping  station,  pumping 
blood  through  narrow  pipes— 7/je  arteries— to  the  body, 
both  to  the  part  below  the  heart  and  to  the  part  al)ove 
it,  such  as  the  neck  and  head.  The  blood  after  it  has 
done  its  duty  comes  back  to  the  lungs  by  another 
set  of  pipes — the  veins. 

Remember,  then,  that  arterial  blood  flows  to  all 
parts  of  the  body  in  a  direction  from  the  heart,  while 

9 


venous  blood  flows  from  the  Inxiy  in  a  direction  towards 
the  heart.  And  you  know  that  the  heart  lies  in  the 
left  side  of  your  chest.  You  nius*  never  forget  this— 
you  will  learn  later  on  how  to  stop  hemorrhage  from 
an  artery  or  vein  without  any  difficulty. 

The  Nerves.  There  is  one  thing  more  you  ought 
to  know  for  the  sake  of  completeness. 

How  does  the  brain  and  spinal  cord  control  our 
movements?    By  the  nerves — these  string-like  organs  i 
looking  something  like  tendons. 

The  nerves  are  to  the  body  what  wires  are  to  an 
electric  bell.  The  brain  and  spinal  cord  are  the  bat- 
teries. But  there  is  an  additional  set  of  wires  which 
"carry  messages"  back  to  the  brain.  «oo. 

Your  leg  touches  a  hot  or  a  sharp  thing  and  the 
nerves  send  a  warning  to  the  brain — ^you  "feel"  the 
burn  or  the  pain. 

If  the  batteries  or  nerves  become  destroyed 
sufferers  can  either  not  move  or  they  lose  sensation 
of  heat  or  pain,  or  both. 


CHAPTER  II 
CLEANLINESS 

"Cleanliness  is  next  to  gmlliness"  is  an  old,  true 
saying.  In  handling  injured  people,  especially  when 
dressing  wounds,  a  special  kind  of  cleanliness,  com- 
monly spoken  of  as  surgical  cleanliness,  is  necessary 
to  prevent  serious  results. 

To  understand  what  is  meant  by  "surgical  cleanli- 
ness" it  is  necessary  that  you  know  something  of 
germs  and  blood  poisoning. 

Supposing  your  finger  is  inflamed  and  it  is  neces- 
sary to  make  a  small  cut  to  let  out  matter  (pus)  and 
to  give  you  relief.  You  will  notice  that  the  doctor 
does  not  take  out  a  knife  from  his  case  and  make  the 
little  cut  without  any  preparation.  No,  first  he  boils 
the  knife  in  water  for  a  few  minutes,  then  he  puts 
alcohol  or  tincture  of  iodine  over  your  finger  and  then 
only  does  he  make  the  cut.     Why? 

10 


That  knife,  although  it  looks  clean  and  polislied 
mav  have  deadly  germs  on  it.  We  cannot  see  germs 
ScLt  ^th  a  goiSi  microscope,  but  we  know  from 
actual  experience  that  they  are  everywhere-on  the 
floor  and  walls,  on  the  furniture,  on  your  skm  ami 
clothing— in  short,  everywhere. 

Now  when  the  doctor  boiled  his  knife  for  five 
minutes  he  knew  that  he  had  killed  every  genn  on 
that  instrument.  But  there  are  germs  on  your  skm 
In  cutting  with  the  knife  he  may  push  the  germs  on  the 
the  skin  into  the  wound  or  cut.  These  germs  give  off 
a  terrible  poison  and  in  a  day  or  two  you  wi  1  have 
chills  and  high  fever— vour  finger,  hand  and  arm  will 
Sm^trribly  swollen  and  painful,  and  while  you 
may  get  well  with  proper  care,  your  life  will  be  m 
danger  Indeed,  many  patients  have  died  from  poison- 
ing by  germs. 

For  this  reason  the  physician  has  painted  tincture  of 
iodine  over  the  skin  of  your  finger-to  kill  the  germs 
on  your  skin. 

Tincture  of  iodine  has  that  power.  All  drugs  which 
prevent  the  development  of  germs  are  known  as 
antiseptics.    Germicides  are  drugs  which  kill  germs. 

Before  the  doctor  has  taken  the  clean  knife  in  his 
hands  to  make  the  cut  he  has  washed  his  hands  in 
some  antiseptic  solution.  All  this  has  the  same  pur- 
pose as  the  tincture  of  iodine  on  your  finger.  1  he 
Reason  the  doctor  disinfected  his  ovm  hands  was  that 
if  he  touches  the  clean  knife  with  a  dirty  hand  th(> 
knife  will  not  be  safe  to  use-in  other  words,  the 
freshly  boiled  knife  may  become  contaminated  (in- 
fected) with  germs  from  the  doctor's  hand  and  the 
boiling  is  useless. 

For  the  same  reason  a  doctor  never  puts  his  instru- 
ments on  a  bare  tabl^first  he  places  a  surgicahy 
clean  towel  over  it,  and  then  he  puts  his  instruments 
on  the  towel.  A  towel  fresh  from  the  laundry  is  fairly 
safe.  One  boiled  in  water  immediately  before  n^m 
absolutely  safe. 

It 


"    !S 


From  this  description  j'ou  can  see  the  tlanKcr  of  mak- 
ing a  simple,  perhaps  harmless,  wound  a  dangerous  one. 

Therefore,  in  treating  a  wound  you  must  not  alloiv 
the  injured  place  to  be  touched  by  any  king  that  is  not 
clean  in  a  surgical  sense. 

You  must  not  touch  the  wound  with  your  own 
fingers  or  hand,  even  though  you  have  just  washed 
them  with  soap  and  hot  water  and  they  look  pretty 
clean  to  you.  There  may  be  deadly  germs  on  them 
jus  I  the  same. 

Most  injuries  occur  while  men  are  at  work.  Natur- 
ally the  body  is  not  in  the  cleanest  condition.  But 
even  if  it  were  clean  in  the  every-day  sense,  that  does 
not  mean  that  there  are  no  germs  on  it. 

You  will  now  realize  that  in  putting  on  dressings 
you  must  not  touch  that  part  of  the  dressing  which 
will  be  placed  directly  over  the  wound.  This  is  the 
first  law  oi  first-aid  for  wounds  (see  chapter  III). 


CHAPTER  III 
WOUNDS 

Whenever  the  skin  has  been  broken  we  call  such  an 
injury  a  wound. 


Figure  1 
Proper  method  of  applyinia;  sterile  gauze  to  wound 

12 


Wounds  niav  br  largo  lUvA  sn.ail.  lUvp  aiuj  >IkiH,.\v. 
dean  and  sharp,  or  ra,^Ke.l  and  •liyty-all  dei^n|  mu 
up.,n  the  force  and  the  instnunc-nt  with  which  tlu'v 
have  been  producect .  i  ••     * 

\  man  is  stabbed  with  a  knife— the  wound  is  just 
a  clean,  deep  cut.  Another  has  a  good  deal  of  flesh 
torn  away  by  machinery— such  a  wound  is  usually 

'''^' A  physician  should  be  called  for  all  large  and  deep 

wounds.  ,  ,    ,  X    A  J 

Until  he  arrives  the  wound  m  'st  be  proteot(>fl 
against  blood  poisoning  (infection). 

First  of  all  if  there  is  hemorrhage,  treat  it  as 
taught  in  Chapter  IV. 

Second,  paint  freely  both  wound  and  surrounding 
skin  with  Tincture  Iodine,  3^%.  . 

Third,  take  a  folded  piece  of  clean  gauze  pick 
it  up  with  the  fingers  of  the  right  hand  and  then 
place  that  side  which  you  have  not  touched  against 
the  wound.  Put  a  bandage  over  all.  feoiaetimes 
cotton  must  be  placed  over  the  gauze  dressing  before 
applving  the  bandage:  ,       .       •     ^     i 

Figure  1  shows  plainly  how  a  dressing  is  to  be 
applied  properly.  The  reason  for  not  touching  that 
side  of  the  dressing  which  you  intend  to  place  over 
the  wound  has  been  explained  in  the  chapter  on 
cleanliness.  ,  . 

Do  not  attempt  to  wash   out  wounds  with  any 

medicines.  .      ,  i    •  i 

If  vou  see  pieces  of  dirt  or  cloth  m  the  wound  pick 
them  up  with  a  pair  of  clean  fine  pinchers  or  witji  a 
piece  of  gauze.  If  the  patient  is  prostrated,  treat  him 
as  taught  in  the  chapter  on  shock. 

CHAPTER  IV 
HEMORRHAGE 

Everv  time  the  skin  is  broken  there  appears  blood. 
Sometimes  a  little  bit  of  "oozing"  is  all  that  can  be 
seen.    This  usually  happens  in  wounds  which  are  not 

13 


dft'j),  or  because  no  blood  vessel  has  been  injured. 
Just  dress  the  wound  witf.  a  clean  dressing  and  banil- 
age  rather  tightly — that  is  all  that  will  be  needed. 

But  when  a  blood  vessel  has  been  injured,  blood 
escapes  iji  large  quantities  ;ind  unless  it  is  stopped  at 
once  so  much  mav  escape  thr.t  the  victim  will  lose  his 
life. 

The  First  Thing  to  Do  is  to  Stop  the  Bleeding. 

Before  umUrlaking  to  do  that,  you  must  at  once 
decide  whether  the  hemorrhage  comes  from  an  art<'r>' 
or  a  vein.     This  is  not  difficult. 

Blood  from  an  artery  comes  out  in  jets  and  spurts, 
verj^  similar  to  the  water  playing  from  a  fountain,  as 
you  see  them  in  public  parks;  while  blood  from  a  vein 
ivells  up — in  other  words,  there  is  a  flow  but  no  force. 

If  the  hemorrhage  comes  from  an  arm  or  leg,  let 
the  patient  lie  down  and  raise  the  arm  or  leg  straight 
up — you  will  note  that  in  a  venous  hemorrhage  the 
flow  will  stop,  but  not  in  an  arterie,!  hemorrhage. 

Now  the  quickest  way  to  stop  hemorrhage  of  any 
kind  is  by  pressure,  say  with  your  thumb,  not  over 
the  place  where  the  blood  comes  from — you  have 
already  learned  not  to  touch  wounds — but  a  little 
away  from  the  wound.    And  now  this  rule  is  invariable : 

In  hemorrhage  from  an  artery,  pressure  must  be 
made  between  the  wound  and  the  heart — in  hemorrhage 
from  a  vein,  on  the  side  farthest  from  the  heart. 

To  Illustrate:  A  man  has  received  a  gash  on  the 
forearm,  three  inches  above  the  wrist.  For  an  arterial 
hemorrhage  you  will  make  pressure  close  to  the  eU)ow 
— that  is  between  the  wound  and  heart;  for  a  venous 
henu^rrhage  you  will  make  pressure  away  from  the 
woumi — therefore  at  the  wrist. 

Another  Example:  A  piece  of  tin  thrown  from  a 
machine  cuts  a  man's  neck  midway  between  the  jaw 
and  the  collar  bone. 

If  blood  escapes  in  jets  (arterial  hemorrhage)  you 
will  press  your  finger  or  fingers  belmv  the  wound,  so 
as  to  check  the  flow  coming  from  the  heart  (as  you 

14 


L.C  again:  between  wound  and  heart)  while  if  the 
'i.lood  just  wells  out— venous  heniorrhag^yo»i  will 
I  press  above  the  wound— away  from  the  heart. 

Nbw  it  stands  to  reason  that  no  man  can  keep  up 
pressure  for  any  great  length  of  time.  The  fingers  and 
hand  of  the  helper  will  soon  tire  out. 

The  finger  is  at  b(«st  only  to  be  used  for  a  very 
.hort  time  until  someone  can  hand  y<)U  the  things 
necessary  to  make  pressure  with  something  else. 

Bleeding  From  Wounds  of  the  Extremities 

If  vou  are  in  the  shoi)  you  have  in  tiie  first-aiil 
box  a  'toimiiqud,  which  is  a  strap  aiul  a  piece  of  wood 
made  for  that  purpose,     (f^ee  ligure  2). 


Figure  2.    Tourniquet. 

The  tourniquet  accompanying  the  Bauer  &  Black 
first-aid  cabinet  consists  of  a  strap  of  hnen  and   a 
small  round  piece  of  wood,  having  notches  on  each  end. 
Take  off  the  strap.    You  now  have  in  your  hands  the 
niece  of  wood  and  the  strap.    Slip  one  end  of  the  strap 
into  one  notch  and  the  other  end  into  the  other  notch, 
making  a  loop.    Place  the  loop  oyer  the  bleeding 
Umb  and  slide  the  wood  do^^n  to  the  skm.   ,  While 
holding  the  strap  so  it  will  not  come  out,  give  the 
wood  a  few  twists,  just  enough  to  stop  the  bleeding, 
then  tie  the  strap  over  it  and  fasten  around  the  arm 
or  leg  in  such  a  way  that  the  wood  cannot  untwist. 
If  you  have  no  tourniquet— you  must  make  one. 
The  materials  to  make  a  good  one  can  be  found  any- 

A  "suspender  makes  one  of  the  best  tourniquets 
It  is  clastic,  and  therefore  the  pressure  is  firm,  yet 
gentle     Of  course  no  more  pressure  should  be  used 
than  is  needed  to  control  the  bleeding. 

15 


Figure  3.     Tourniquot  api)lird. 

Figure  4  shows  the  method  of  application.  Fasten 
it  by  either  tying  the  suspender  or  by  holding  it  fast 
with  a  piece  of  cord.  Figures  5  and  6  show  another 
method  of  improvising  a  tourniquet. 

You  see  a  round  pebble  placed  on  the  arm  above 
where  the  blood  vessel  is  supposed  to  be     A  handker- 


AJAMi^ 


Figure  4 
Susjjendcr  used  as  Tourniijuet. 

chief  is  about  to  be  tied  over  the  pebble.  Figure  6  shows 
the  knot  tied.  Now,  no  matter  how  tight  you  may  tie 
the  handkerchief,  there  will  not  be  enough  pressure  to 
oompress  the  blood  vessel.    In  this  picture  can  be  seen 

16 


Figure  5  Fi>;ure  6 

Tourniqviot  made  by  knottinp  hundkorchiof  and  twisting  with 
IM'ncil.    Note  pebble  to  get  pressure  at  proper  point. 

a  pencil  (or  a  small  stick)  slipped  under  the  knot  and 
now  vou  can  twist  until  you  Rot  the  right  pressure.  Then 
the  pencil  or  stick  must  be  tied  to  the  arm  or  leg  so  that 
it  will  not  untwist  and  release  the  pressure. 

Sometimes  you  will  notice  that  pressure  will  not 
control  a  venous  hemorrhage.  This  will  happen  if 
the  injured  vein  lies  deep  in  the  muscles. 

In  such  cases  pressure  must  be  made  in  the  wound 
itself.  Sometimes  this  should  be  done  with  the  thumb, 
or  finger  right  into  the  wound— especially  when  the 
flow  of  blood  is  so  profuse  that  there  is  danger  to  life 
so  that  every  second  counts.  Of  course,  whenever 
possible,  it  is  safer  to  press  into  the  wound  a  sterile 
piece  of  gauze  and  keep  up  pressure  over  the  gauze. 
In  that  way  you  will  not  cause  blood-poisoning.  But 
as  to  saving  a  man's  life  and  risking  blood-poisoning 
— always  take  a  chance. 

Pressure  by  any  appliance  should  not  be  allowed 
to  remain  longer  than  one  to  two  hours. 

17 


Patients  woak  from  loss  of  bhxxl  should  be  ina<l«^ 
to  lie  down  and  tlie  head  .should  be  lower  than  the 
rest  of  the  body.  Sometimes  it  is  necessary  to  stimulate 
the  patient.  Aromatic  spirit-  of  ammonia,  whiskey, 
hot  nulk,  or  hot  water  may  be  given  internally,  strong 
annncnia  spirits  held  to  the  nostrils — a  B  &  H  Vivo 
Koll  is  excellent — but  first  of  all  you  must  make  sure 
that  the  flow  of  blood  has  l)een  positively  checked. 

It  noes  without  sayinj?  that  the  wound  itself  sliould 
be  dressed  according  to  principles  which  are  taught  in 
i'hapter  HI.     (Wounds). 

The  (jucstion  presents  itself:  where  are  the  blood 
vessels?  It  is  not  believed  that  it  is  necessary  for  a 
layman  to  know  the  exact  locations  of  the  blood 
vessels  and  tln-ir  names.  There  are  so  many  large  and 
small  arteries  and  v»  ins  ui  the  human  bmiy  that  only 
physicinus  can  be  expected  to  know  them. 

An  art*  ry  will  l»e  found  by  pressure — first  trying 
near  the  wound     ajul  that  is  all  that  is  needed — and 
the  same  holds  good  for  the  \'eins  also. 
•     What  is  more  important    is  that  you    learn    the 
above  rules  thoroughly. 

Figures  7,  8,  9  and  10  show  how  to  control  hem- 
orrhage from  the  neck,  arm  and  leg  by  compression 
with  the  thumb. 


Figure  7 
Pressure  oa  artery  to  check  bleeding  at  knee  or  below. 

1» 


Figure  8 

rrcsHure  on  ;iriu  to  stop  bl(>c<linK  from  artery  Ijttvvecn  elbow 

ixud  huud. 


JPfN 

K 

, 

^K^  '^/B 

m 

» 

^^^Rjifc.,'*  '^^^^^^B 

1 

In 

^^HK  -        ...'iJF'    /M)^  r^P 

p 

if 

L-:     ./ 

^% 

ITM 

'    ^^B'* 



Figure  9 
\Mien  blcefiiiig  is  from  artery. 


Figure  10 
When  bleeding  is  from  vein. 


Illustrating  method  of  applying  pressure  with  the  btuid  fnr 
wound  of  neck. 


13 


h\ 


Special  Hemorrhages 

Hemorrhage  From  the  Lungs.  Patients  sufTerin^ 
from  consuniption  soniotiines  show  iare;o  quantities  ot 
blood  coniinp;  through  the  mouth  from  the  lungs. 
The  blood  is  frothy  and  very  bright  in  color.  The 
patient  usually  knows  that  the  blood  has  been  coughed 
up. 

Trcahmnt.  Lay  the  patient  flat.  Put  an  ice  bag 
over  the  chest  (or  towels  wrung  out  in  cold  water). 
Giv(>  no  stimulants.  A  small  piece  of  ice  may  be  put 
in  the  patient's  mouth.  That  is  all  that  can  be  done 
until  the  doctor  arrives. 

Hemorrhage  From  the  Stomach.  The  blood  is  not 
frothy  and  comes  up  with  a  feeling  like  vomiting 
(nausea)  to  the  patient. 

Treatment.  Lay  the  patient  down.  Give  nothing 
and  do  nothing  further  until  the  doctor  arrives. 

Small  quantities  of  blood  may  be  vomited  up 
when  swallowed  from  bleeding  from  the  nose  or  throat. 
These  are  not  hemorrhages  and  are  not  important. 

Hemorrhage  From  tVe  Nose.  Nosebleed  is  usually 
a  trifling  aff"air.  But  when  the  flow  is  severe  it  should 
be  stopped.  All  sorts  of  suggestions  have  been  made, 
such  as  to  place  a  cold  key  or  wet  cloth  at  the  nape 
of  the  neck,  which  can  be  tried. 

The  surest  means  to  arrest  bleeding  from  the  nose 
is  to  take  a  small  piece  of  cotton  and  force  it  into  one 
or  both  nostrils,  as  may  be  needed,  by  means  of  a 
slender  instrument  such  as  a  pen  holder  or  lead  pencil. 
Do  this  gently,  but  the  cotton  plug  must  be  pressed  in 
tight  to  be  effective. 

Hemorrhage  from  the  Chest.  If  the  chest  has  been 
wounded  tlie  bloo<  ill  usually  come  from  between  the 
ribs.  Plug  the  wound  by  forcing  a  strip  of  sterile 
gauze  into  the  wound  with  a  slender  instrument. 

Hemorrhage  From  the  Abdomen.  These  ca>>es  are 
serious.    If  the  injury  is  small  and  no  bowels  come  out, 

20 


put  a  clean  drcissinp;  over  the  wound  and  l)audane 
tifjhtly.  If  bowels  can  be  seen— take  a  teaspoonful  of 
, onnnon  salt,  put  it  in  a  pint  of  hot  water.  Pour  this 
..ver  a  clean  piece  of  j;auze  and  apply  the  wet  gauze 
uently. 

The  water  must  not  be  very  hot.  Pour  a  little  over 
your  arm  first.  You  will  thus  be  able  to  tell  whether 
it  is  too  hot. 

Bleeding  From  Varicose  Veins.  A  varic«jse  vein  is 
a  vein  enlarjied  in  some  places.  The  walls  of  such  a 
blood  vessel  are  thin  and  son\etimes  they  burst. 

To  check  the  bleeding  press  over  the  vein  on  the 
siile  of  the  bleeding  away  from  the  heart,  place  a  clean 
piece  of  gauze  over  the  bleeding  spot  and  bandage  it 
very  tig'itly. 

chapti:r  V 

SHOCK    (Collapse) 

By  shock  we  mean  that  threatening  condition  which 
follows  after  some  serious  injury  and  which  is  charac- 
terized by  great  physical  exhaustiim  or  weakness, 
hence  often  called  collapse. 

Shock  will  appear  not  only  after  serious  injuries  but 
also  after  burns,  poisoning,  etc.  It  follows  a  serious 
and  prokmgeil  operation.  It  is  dangerous  to  life. 
Many  an  injury  that  would  ordinarily  not  l)e  in  itself 
a  danger  to  life  produces  shock  and  the  shock  has 
cause(i  death. 

While  shock  alone  is  not  a  disease,  but  a  condition 
accompanying  an  injury  or  accident,  it  must  receive 
attention  at  once. 

Symptoms.  The  man  is  prostrate,  skin  cold  and 
chuumv,  face  shows  anxiety  (it  is  "pinched"),  pulse 
can  hardly  be  felt  because  it  is  fluttering,  and  breathing 
is  very  fast  and  not  strong.  (The  symptoms  resemble 
those  following  loss  of  blood — in  all  cases  of  shock 
look  out  for  hemorrhage  which  must  be  stopped  first 
before  anything  else  is  done). 

21 


(i 


Hi 

m 


First- Aid.  Place  patient  flat,  but  with  head  low. 
Elevate  feet  and  legs,  if  necessary.  Keep  patient 
warm,  by  covering  him  up  with  blankets  or  by  placmp 
bottles  or  jugs  filled  with  hot  water  all  around  hmi 
Be  careful  that  the  corks  in  the  bottles  ar»'  tight  and 
that  the  hot  bottles  do  not  touch  the  skin,  as  you 
are  apt  to  cause  burns. 

Internally  you  should  give  a  liberal  quantity  of 
hot  black  coffee  or  tea,  half  a  teaspoonful  of  aromatic 
spirits  of  ammonia,  hold  strong  spirits  of  ammonia  to 
his  nostrils,  use  a  B  &  B  Vivo  Roll. 

While  the  patient  should  not  be  exposed  to  the  air, 
especially  in  cold  weather,  you  must  see  that  he  be  able 
to  breathe  comfortably.  For  that  reason  the  collar 
should  be  removed,  a  tight  buttoned  vest  or  coat 
loosened— but  do  all  that  under  a  blanket.  In  women, 
corset  strings  should  be  loosened  or  cut. 

Rubbmg  the  limbs  (not  beating)  in  the  direction 
from  the  toes  to  the  hips  and  from  the  fingers  towards 
the  shoulder  will  force  the  blood  to  the  heart  and 
help  to  tide  over  the  patient  until  the  arrival  of  a 
physician. 

CHAPTER  VI 


'S 


FAINTING-  (Syncope ) 

Fainting  means  loss  of  consciousness.  Patients  often 
will  faint  at  the  sight  of  blood,  on  hearing  bad  or 
good  news,  or  from  more  material  causes,  such  as 
attending  a  meeting  in  an  ill-ventilated,  hot  room,  or 
because  of  pain  and  the  loss  of  l)lood. 

Fainting  is  shock  of  a  mild  degree. 

The  treatment  is  the  same  pr(^soribed  for  shock, 
but  in  most  instances  a  dash  of  cold  water  against  the 
face  will  awaken  the  patient,  cause  him  to  l>reatho 
tleeply,  regain  color  and  get  up.  If  not,  hold  a  B  &  B 
Vivo  Roll  to  his  nostrils. 

22 


CHAPTER  VII 


y  of 
aatie 
ia  to 


;  air, 
able 
jollar 
coat 
men, 


ction 

jrards 

anrl 

of  a 


often 
%(\  or 

m,  or 


ihot'k, 
at  tlic 
•eat  he 


BURNS 

Burns^  occur  by  contact  of  the  body  with  fire, 
boihng  water,  molten  metal,  electricity,  live  steam  or 
acids. 

A  small  burn  will  cause  m  good  deal  of  pain  and    . 
get  well  quickly— burns  involving  a  large  part  of  the 
body  are  very  serious  injuries,  often  causmg  death. 

There  are  three  degrees  of  burns: 

First  degree:   The  akin  is  just  red  and  painful. 

Second  degree:  The  skin  is  raised  up  and  under  it 
is  some  liquid  (blister). 

Third  degree:  The  skin  is  off,  the  burn  has  afifected 
deep  parts. 

The  first  degree  is  the  mildest,  the  third  the 
severest.  But  the  main  danger  lies  in  the  extent, 
though,  of  course,  a  large  first  degree  burn  is  not  as 
serious  as  a  smaller  third  degree  burn. 

Burns  are  very  easily  recognized;  the  pain,  the 
shock  and  the  appearance  of  the  body  at  the  affected 
places  telling  a  plain  story. 

First-Aid  Treatment.  First  degree:  A  few  tea- 
spoonfuls  of  bicarbonate  of  soda  or  washing  soda  in  a 
glass  of  water  make  a  useful  lotion.  A  bandage,  a 
piece  of  gauze  or  a  handkerchief  soaked  in  that  solu- 
tion is  applied  to  the  burned  space  as  an  ordinary 
dressing.  Any  fat  or  ointment  such  as  cold  cream  or 
better  still,  B  &  B  Ointment  or  the  carbolated  petro- 
latum in  the  First-Aid  Cabinet  will  prove  useful. 

Should  pain  continue  picric  acid  gauze  will  give 
immediate  relief.  Of  course,  if  a  fat  has  been  applied 
first,  it  should  be  washed  off  with  soap  and  warm 
water  or  by  wiping  with  a  piece  of  absorbent  cotton 
or  lint  soaked  in  alcohol  (medicinal  alcohol  only — 
wood  alcohol  is  a  poison). 

2.3 


I. 


If 

■i  i 
I 

.'  ! 

,'      i 
[■     '■ 

1        ' 


1. 


Sicoiifl  degree:  Same  troalinent.  If  the  Imrii  was 
caused  l)v  an  aeid  (such  as  sulphuric,  nitric  or  muriatic 
acid)  wash  the  burn  with  ph-nty  of  hikewarni  water, 
follow.  (1  by  a  dressing  soaked  in  bicarbonate  of  soda 
tjolution,  as  above  described. 

(If  the  burn  is  caused  by  carl)olic  acid  the  best 
thins  is  to  apply  medicinal  alcohol.  A  suitable  piece  of 
irauze  or  cotton  soak(>d  in  the  alcohol  will  be  best.  As 
the  alcohol  evaporates  very  fast,  the  dressing  should 
be  covered  all  over  with  several  layers  of  newspaper 
(or  other  paper)  if  no  oiled  silk  is  on  han<l). 

If  the  burn  is  due  to  lye,  wash  first  and  then  apply 
strong  vinegar. 

Third  degree:  Cut  off  all  clothing  at  once  (don't 
rip  oft)  and  place  burned  part  or  the  entire  body  if 
need  be  in  a  warm  bath  and  keep  the  water  warm  by 
adding  from  time  to  time  hot  water.  Give  patient  as 
n»u(h  water  to  drink  as  he  can  s'     id.     Treat  SJwck. 

A  physician  should  be  secured  as  quickly  as  possible 
in  all  except  limited  first  degree  burns. 

CHAPTER  VIII 
DISLOCATIONS 

By  dislocation  is  meant,  that  one  or  more  bones 
have  been  pushed  away  from  the  proper  place  at  a 
joint  or  joints. 

Symptoms.  Compare  the  injured  with  the  unin- 
jured side  of  body.  Dislocation  shows  itself  in  a 
deformity.  The  limb  with  dislocated  joint  may  be 
either  longer  or  shorter  than  usual.  There  is  usually 
pain,  and  the  joint  cannot  be  used. 

Treatment.  Send  for  a  surgeon  and,  while  awaiting 
his  arrival,  do  not  attempt  to  reduce  the  dislocation 
except  in  the  case  of  fingers,  shoulder  or  jaw. 

To  reduce  dislocation  of  fingers,  grasp  the  wrist 
with  the  left  hand,  then  pull  the  fingers  straight  away 
froni  the  hand.    The  bone  should  slip  into  place. 

24 


1 


1 

I  Dislocatioh  of  the  shoulder  had  l)est  be  left  for  t  he 
SiirKeon;  however,  if  he  cannot  reach  the  case  witliin 
dree  or  four  hours,  have  the  patient  He  fl:U  on  his 
.;ick.  ■  The  operator  should  remove  his  riglit  .shoe. 
;lace  his  heel  in  the  armpit  of  the  patient's  injured 
:i(le,  at  the  same  time  pressing  with  the  hei'l  outward 
uid  upward.  Usually  this  will  pry  the  dislocated  lione 
lutward  and  upward  and  it  should  snap  into  place, 
iandajie  the  arm  to  the  side,  carrying  the  for(>arm 
uross  the  chest  with  hand  resting  on  shoulder  of  the 
)ther  side.  If  tuce  is  nuich  trouble  in  reducing  any 
lislocation,  wait  for  the  surgeon. 

Dislocation  of  the  lower  jaw  may  usually  be  reduced 

_.,  follows:    Wrap  l)oth  thumbs  in  several  thickness  of 

iauze  or  clean  cloth,  rest  them  on  patient's  lower  teeth 

jn  each  side  and  with  the  fingers  on  the  outside  grasp 

he  lower  jaw.     First,  exert  pressure  downward  and 

lien    backward.      When   the   jaw   starts   into    place 

luickly  slide  the  thumbs  off  the  teeth  to  inside  of 

L-heeks  so  they  will  not  be  caught  when  jaw  sprmg- 

nto  position.     Tliea  apply  a  jaw  bandage  as  shown  in 

Kigures  11  and  12. 


Figure  11  Figure   -  ' 

raw  Bandage.  Slit  goes  over  ohiii  to         Jaw  Bandage  completed. 
keep  bandage  from  slipping. 

This  jaw  bandage  is  made  by  tearing  a  2-inch 
roller  bandage.    Cut  off  about  3  feet  of  bandage,  tear 
Jach  end  lengthwise,  down  the  center,  leaving  5  inches 
■t  the  middle.    At  the  middle,  cut  a  2-inch  slit  to  go 
ver  chin. 

25 


CHAPTER  IX 
FRACTURES  OR  BROKEN  BONES 

Fractures  are  of  very  frequent  occurrence,  ther« 
being  perhaps  ten  broken  bones  to  one  dislocation 
For  practical  purposes  fractures  may  be  classified  a; 
simple  and  compound. 

In  a  sim'p^s  fracture  the  bone  is  broken  but  do«  ? 
not  protrude  through  the  skin,  whereas  in  a  compoutK, 
fracture  it  does. 

A  surgeon  should  be  sent  for  and,  pending  hb 
arrival,  every  care  should  be  taken  to  prevent  any 
movement  of  the  broken  limb. 

How  to  Recognize  a  Fracture.  The  most  common 
sign  of  a  fracture  is  a  deformity  of  the  limb.  Sonit^ 
pain  is  always  present  and  is  aggravated  by  any 
movement  of  the  part.  Compare  the  injured  limb  witb 
the  corresponding  uninjured  member.  There  is  los> 
of  power,  and  in  careless  handling  a  grating  of  thf 
bone  ends  will  often  be  noticed.  Should  no  delay  br 
expected  in  the  arrival  of  the  surgeon  it  will  be  neces- 
sary only  to  place  the  patient  in  a  safe,  comfortablt 
position,  carefully  supporting  the  fractured  bone  on 
each  side  of  the  break. 

If  the  Patient  Must  Be  Moved.  On  the  other 
hand,  should  it  be  necessary  to  transport  the  patient 
even  a  short  distance,  it  will  be  safer  to  apply  tem- 
porary splints  consisting  of  strips  of  wood  or  almost 
anything  conveniently  at  hand  which  when  bound  in 
position  will  prevent  bcivling  of  the  limb  at  point  of 
friu'ture.  To  do  this,  careful  exaiuinatitm  of  the  limli 
should  be  made,  comparing  it  with  the  one  on  the 
opposite  side.  This  may  be  done  usually  without 
removing  the  clothing  if  it  is  thin,  or  by  cutting  heavy 
clothing  at  the  scMnis.  The  limb  then  may  be  gently 
drawn  into  its  natural  position,  suitaoly  padded  and 
the  splints  applied. 

26 


r^ 


BS 

(,  thert 
)cation 
ified  Ji^ 

Lit  do«j 
npoutii. 

ing  hi; 
nt  anv 


ommoii 

5y  any 
nb  with 
is  los^ 
of  tht  i 
elay  \n 
i  neces- 
'ortabh 
>one  ow 


e  otlur 
patient  ■ 
ly  teni- 

ahnost 
)un(l  ill 
loint  ot 
he  linil 

on  th( 
witlioul 
g  licavv 
?  jjently  ^ 
led  an< 


Figure  13 
Triangular  bandage  as  sling. 

Fracture  of  the  Upper  Arm.  After  sending  for  a 
sargeon,  carefully  get  limb  into  it«  "f*"''^^!  P«f  ^ 
(compare  with  healthy  arm)  and  apply  two  sphnts  the 
outer  extending  from  the  shoulder  and  the  mner  from 
the  armpit  to  the  elbow.  Use  suitable  shng  for  .support- 
ing the  arm.    Figure  14  illustrates  the  shng. 

Fracture  of  the  Forearm.  Gently  get  the  limb  in 
proper  position  and  apply  splints  of  any  ^^tf  mater ud 
Which  will  reach  from  the  elbov  ^)  the  middle  of  the 
hand.  The  forearm  is  then  placed  across  the  chest 
where  entire  arm  is  to  be  held  in  position  by  bandage 
and  a  sling  as  sho\vn  in  Figure  13. 

Fracture  of  Collar  Bone.  The  collar  bone  (clavicle) 
is  probably  injured  more  often  than  any  other  bone 
The  patient  cannot  raise  arm  above  the  shoulder  and 
generally  holds  up  the  elbow  of  the  injured  side  with 
opposite  hand.  By  running  fingers  gently  over  th(^ 
injured  bone  a  differem-e  will  be  uotic(Hl  at  point  ot 
fracture. 

Aftpr  sending  for  the  surge.m,  place  a  pad  of  cotl^.n 
in  the  armpit  and  place  the  arm  in  a  shng  so  it  will 

27 


wmr, 


^^^^^^^rMi 


ii'Stf'l 


ii- 


•'■ti 


I. I 


form  ji  riglit  jin>j;l»'.    Handajse  the  arm  to  the  body  wit  I 
:i  suitable  bandage. 

Fracture  of  Fingers.    After  cautiously  drawinp;  th. 

finj>;t*rs5   into   proper   position,   apply   a   little    paddn 
splint  \ni(ler  them  and  use  a  suitable  bandatje  to  hol( 
it  in  pla((\    A  trianirular  bandage  makes  a  very  com- 
fortable sling,  giving  support  to  lx)th  the  hand  an< 
forearn) 


Fieure  14 
Triangular  bandage  as  sling 

Fracture  of  Lower  Jaw.  With  a  l)roken  jaw  the 
injured  is  unable  to  speak,  the  mouth  is  open  and  the 
gums  may  bleed.  The  break  may  manifest  itself  on 
the  outside  and  on  the  inside;  an  irregularity  of  the 
teeth  may  be  noticed. 

The  lower  teeth  are  gently  brought  into  theii' 
natural  position  against  the  upper  and  the  jaw  held 
in  place  with  bamlages — one  coming  over  top  of  head 
and  the  other  crossed  at  back  of  head.  (See  Figures  11 
and  12,  page  25). 

Fracture  of  the  Upper  Leg.  The  thigh  bone  is  so 
surrounded  b^-  thick  nuiscles  that  it  mav  be  hard  to 


28 


1 


II  wlu'tliiT  or  not  it 
it  were. 


is  hrukcii.     If  in  iloulil  tn-jit  as 


After  hurrying  a  messenger  for  a  doctor,  secure 
ivo  pieces  of  board,  one  of  which  will  reach  from  the 
rinpit  to  the  foot  on  the  outside  and  the  other  extend- 
iji  from  t!'.e  crotch  to  the  iooh  on  the  inside.  The 
)ng<>r  outer  splint  should  be  fastened  by  bandagea  oyer 
ic  ub<lomen  as  well  as  the  limb.  The  imp<)rtant  thin^ 
to  insure  against  a  movement  of  the  hip  joint. 

Fracture  of  the  Lower  Leg.  In  case  of  a  broken  leg 
.le  person  naturally  falls  to  the  ground.  A  fracture 
f  the  lower  leg  is  comparatively  easy  to  discover, 
end  for  a  surgeon,  and  arrange  for  a  suitable  tem- 
orarv  support.  A  trough  formed  by  rolling  two  ends 
f  a  blanket  will  answer  (See  Figure  15),  or  a  pillow 
lav  be  used  to  make  such  a  trough.  In  all  fractures 
reat  care  sliould  be  exercised  in  lifting  the  leg  so  as 
o  apply  the  support.  The  position  should  be  such 
hat  the  toes  assume  the  same  direction  as  the  toes  of 
he  uninjured  liinb. 

If  necessary  to  move  the  patient,  splints  should  be 
,pplied.  For  this  purpose  thin  boards,  long  enough 
p  prevent  movement  at  the  knee  joint  and  of  a  wi^  :  h 
treat er  than  the  thickness  of  the  limb,  are  very  satis- 
[ictory.  These  may  be  used  over  the  blanket  or  pillow, 
r  such  bulky  material  may  be  replaced  with  thinner 


Hgure  15 
Splint  formed  of  blanket  rolled  at  both  mds. 

29 


1 


Fiu;uro  IG 
Rolling  blanket  to  form  splint  shown  in  FiKure  15. 

padding.  The  splints  should  be  fastened  in  place  with 
three  or  four  bandages  or  handkerchiefs,  being  surt 
that  none  comes  over  the  fracture.  Where  wide  splint -^ 
cannot  be  obtained  an  umbrella  or  cane  may  be 
employed  for  the  outer  splint  and  the  uninjured  \e» 
us^ed  for  the  inuer  support,  the  bandage  encirclini: 
both  legs  and  the  splint.     (See  Figure  17). 

Fracture  of  the  Nose.     A  broken  nose  manifests 
itself  in  pain,  swelling  and  deformity  which  are  easily  i 
recognized. 

Have  doctor  examine  the  case,  as  otherwise  a 
permanent  disfigurement  may  result. 

Get  the  nose  carefully  in  as  nearly  normal  a  posi- 
tion as  practicable,  place  a  small  piece  of  cotton  on 
each  side,  and  hold  in  place  with  adhesive  plaster 
strips.  If  no  adhesive  plaster  is  available  a  bandage 
,,}{^y  i^e  passed  not  too  tightly  over  the  nose  about  the 
head. 

Fracture  of  the  Ribs.  A  person  with  broken  rib- 
is  apt  to  experience  a  sharp   pain  on  coughing  or 

30 


:e  with 
g  sur( 
splint  > 
lay  bt 
ed  leg 
nrclins; 


mifests 
;  easilv 


wise   a 


a  posi- 
,ton  oi! 
plaster 
andagt  | 
out  th(  1 


C'.'iu'  used  as  splint  for  Icp. 


:en  rib- 
ling   or 


Figure  18 
JWlien  no  splint  is  to  be  had,  bind  broken  leR  to  other  leg. 


31 


n 


hn'atliiiig  <U'<'|)ly  aiul  imturally  trit's  to  avoid  a  mov»  • 
incnt  of  the  chest  by  presHinj?  hand  to  side.  Sometime  s 
the  jn-ating  of  the  broken  ends  may  be  detected  by 
phioinj?  a  hand  over  the  seat  of  severest  pain.  Any 
movement  of  the  bones  is,  oi  course,  to  be  avoided. 

Send  for  a  doctor,  and  then  undertake  to  limi^ 
the  movement  by  applying  a  bandage  firmly  abou' 
the  chest.  In  the  absence  of  bandages  use  towel  or 
anvthing  that  will  answer  for  a  binder.  The  physician 
wiil  probal)ly  strap  up  the  chest  with  adhesive  plaster. 

If  the  lungs  are  injured  and  the  patient  spits  blood, 
have  him  hold  piece  of  ice  in  mouth  and  keep  him 
cjuiet  on  his  l)ack  until  the  doctor  comes. 

Fracture  of  the  Skull.  In  fracture  of  the  skull  thert 
is  apt  to  be  an  injury  to  the  brain  resulting  in  uncon- 
sciousness. If  a  break  has  occurred  at  the  top  it  i^ 
easily  recognized  under  the  skin;  if  at  the  base,  there 
may  be  bleeding  from  nose,  mouth  or  ears. 

The  services  of  a  sifgeon  should  be  secured  a^ 
soon  as  possible  and  in  tht  neantime  the  patient  should 
be  kept  very  quiet  in  a  recumbent  position  with  head 
slightly  raisea. 

Stimulants  must  not  be  used.     Wounds  of  the 
head  should  be  dressed  with  a  clean  piece  of  gauze, 
and,  if  an  ice  bag  is  conveniently  at  hand,  ice  may  be 
applied  to  the  head.   Shock  should  be  treated  by  apply 
ing  heat  over  the  heart  and  to  the  extremities. 

Fracture  of  the  Spine.  Send  for  surgeon  imme- 
diately. Little  can  he  done  before  he  arrives.  The 
patient  should  lie  flat  on  his  back  Any  attempt  to 
move  him  niust  be  made  with  greatest  care  so  as  not 
to  bend  the  spine  and  thus  injure  the  spinal  cord.  If 
it  is  absolutely  necessary  to  move  the  injured,  a 
■lun:  of  careful  persons  should  cautiously  lift  him 
whilv  itable  stretcher  is  placed  under  him  so  he 

can  be    .ry  gently  lowered  on  it. 

Treat  shock  by  applying  heat  to  extremities. 

32 


'Ik 


nov« 
timi 
k1  h} 

d. 

limi" 
abou' 
vc\  or 
siciai! 
aster 

blood. 
)  hini 

then 
incon- 
)  it  i^ 

there 

ed  as 
jhould 
I  head 


)f  the 
gauze, 
lay  hv 
apply 


1 

m  Fracture  of  the  Wriat.  The  rotninon  breaking  ot 
ic  lower  end  of  the  f<»rearin  bone,  usually  by  a  fall 
itli  the  hand  outstretclu'd.  is  known  as  Collrs' 
acture. 

Send  for  a  doctor  ami  if  he  is  delay«Ml.  gi'utly  pull 
'  hand  to  reduce  the  deformity,  eoinparinn  with  the 
.i«r  hand,  and  apply  pad<l«'d  splints  long  cnouuh  to 
ach  from  the  elbow  to  below  the  wrist.  Support  the 
rearm  in  a  big  sHnj?  at  right  angles  with  tlu"  upjwr 
111.     (See  page  27). 

Fracture  of  the  Hand.  The  breaking  of  any  of  the 
i»nes  of  the  hand  is  usually  attended  with  pain, 
veiling  and  deformity,  the  broken  bones  niaking  the 
()ui)le  evident  when  back  of  hand  is  examined. 

A  padded  s'.lint  may  be  applied  to  the  palm  of 

le  hand  long  enough  to  extend  back  along  the  forc- 

m,  a  pad  of  cotton  being  placed  between  the  palm 

_id  the  splint.    After  a  suitable  compress  is  adjusted 

)  the  back  of  the  hand  the  splint  is  fastened  in  place 

ith  bandages. 

Fracture  of  Ankle.   This  is  known  as  Pott's  fracture 
d  occurs  more  often  than  any  other  fracture  of  the 
wer  limbs.    In  such  a  case  the  foot  is  apt  to  turn 
tward  and  there  is  considerable  deformity. 


After  sending  for  a  doctor  the  foot  may  be  gently 
:awn  down  and  turned  inward,  a  padded  splint  being 
)plied  on  the  inside  of  the  leg  extending  from  below 
le  foot  to  the  knee. 

Fracture  of  the  Foot.  In  foot  injuries  the  bones 
e  often  crushed.  As  in  all  fractures,  manipulation  of 
le  part  to  determine  the  extent  of  injury  is  a  mis- 
,ke.  This  should  be  left  tor  the  surgeon.  Temporary 
Je  splints,  extending  far  enough  up  the  leg  to  hold 
le  foot  well  in  place,  in  'jonnection  with  a  thin  splint 
I  the  sole  of  the  foot,  may  be  applied  with  suitable 
idding  and  bandages. 

Fracture  of  Knee*Cap.  Breaking  of  the  knee-cap 
latella)  may  be  caused  by  a  blow  or  a  fall.     The 

33 


liEi 


injury  is  easy  to  recognize  because  the  broken  parts 
can  be  felt.    There  is  swelling. 

A  well  padded  splint  may  be  applied  to  the  back 
of  the  leg  extending  well  above  and  below  the  knee, 
and  the  broken  parts  brought  together  by  strips  of 
zinc  oxit'e  adhesive  plaster  passing  above  the  upper 
and  below  the  lower  broken  part.  Ice  bags  should  be 
applied  to  decrease  the  swelling  of  the  knee.  Send  for 
a  surgeon. 


1 


CHAPTER  X 
SPRAINS 


Symptoms.  Pain  is  usually  immediate  and  severe 
and  gets  worse  when  joint  is  moved.  There  is  swellmg, 
but  as  no  bones  are  out  of  place,  there  is  no  other 
deformity,  such  as  is  described  under  dislocations.       | 

Treatment.  At  once  provide  for  perfect  rest  and 
do  not  allow  patient  to  move  the  joint.  Keep  the 
affected  part  in  an  elevated  position.  Use  cloths 
wrung  out  in  very  hot  or  very  cold  water,  or,  allow 
hot  or  cold  water  to  flow  over  the  joint  until  relief  is 
obtained. 

If  sprain  is  severe,  or  if  there  is  any  doubt  about 
injury,  send  for  a  doctor. 


I 


CHAPTER  XI 


■k 


BRUISES 

Symptoms.  Escape  of  blood  from  small  vessels 
into  the  surrounding  tissue  causes  swelling  and  "black 
and  blue"  spots;  immediate  pain  from  injury  to  nerves 
and  later  from  congested  blood. 

Treatment.  Use  very  hot  or  very  cold  water. 
Keep  bruised  part  in  a  raised  position.  Arnica  or 
witch-hazel  may  be  applied. 

34 


CHAPTER  XII 
ELECTRIC  SHOCK— LIGHTNING 

Electricity,  which  has  proved  a  great  blessing  and 
oinfort,  has  also  been  the  cause  of  many  accidents 
,nd  deaths,  in  spite  of  all  possible  precautions.  The 
remendous  "force"  which  drives  dynamos,  if  it  merely 
ouches  the  bare  skin,  is  sufficient  to  produce  serious 
hock  and  burns. 

Symptoms.  There  is  no  trouble  recognizing  the 
ondition.  Victims  are  still  in  contact  with  a  live  wire 
•r  third  rail  when  found,  either  because  they  are  un- 
onscious  and  unable  to  get  away,  or  if  conscious, 
nable  to  release  the  grip. 

First-Aid.    Get  the  current  stopped  at  once,  or  if 
[his  is  impossible  get  the  victim  away  from  the  current. 

In  dragging  an  unfortuante  victim  away  from  a 
irire  or  rail,  charged  with  electricity,  care  must  be 
aken  not  to  get  a  part  of  the  current  from  the  patient. 
To  touch  the  patient's  bare  skin— such  as  attempting 
drag  him  away  by  the  hands  or  by  the  collar — means 
J  risk  a  serious  shock.    Cover  your  own  hands  with  a 
lilk  handkerchief  or  your  own  coat,  if  dry,  and  grasp 
[he  victim's  clothing  only.     This  is  reasonably  safe, 
'  the  ground  and  the  clothing  are  both  dry. 


Figure  19 
Diagram  showing  how  to  "short  circuit"  live  wire. 

36 


wm^^ 


It     i 


In  rainy  weather,  for  example,  your  own  coat  !i 
tween  your  hands  and  the  victim's  clothes  would  ti. 
be  safe. 

In  such  a  circumstance  you  nmst  become  "insi 
lated."  The  best  insulating  material  is  rubber.  Stan( 
ins  in  rubb(T  boots  and  having  your  hands  covered  \\  ii 
rubber  gloves,  such  as  are  used  by  electric  work,  r 
makes  rescue  safe. 

If  this  is  not  available,  a  dry  piece  of  wood  to  st:iii 
on,  and  a  few  sheets  of  newspaper  around  your  haiw 
will  prove  satisfactory'. 

Get  a  good  hold  of  the  patient  and  jerk  him  o 
the  rail  or  wire. 

Sometimes,  if  a  sharp  instrument  (axe)  with 
wooden  handle  can  be  had,  it  will  be  easier  to  cut  tli 
wire.  Another  way  of  releasing  a  victi'<i  is  to  throi 
a  solid,  long  piece  of  metal  (crowbar,  or  similar  tool 
in  such  a  way  that  one  end  will  touch  the  wire  on  tli 
side  of  the  patient  nearest  the  main  current  and  tli 
other  end  the  earth  (see  diagram  on  previous  page). 

In  this  manner  the  current  is  "short-circuited 
before  it  reaches  the  patient. 

First-Aid  Treatment.  Perform  artificial  respiratio 
(Figure  20),  for  one  hour,  if  necessary.  (See  ah 
Chapter  XIII).  If  the  patient  starts  to  breathe  him 
self,  treat  him  for  shock.     (See  page  21). 


Figure  20 
Scbaefer  Method— Weight  of  body  on  lowest  ribs. 

36 


\i!U..mM 


oat 
uld 

"insi 

Stani 
0(1  \\  ii 
i^orkt  r 

o  Stiill 

r  huiK 

him  0 

with 
cut  111 
3  thro' 
ar  tool 
J  on  til 
and  tl 
)age). 

•cuited 

piratic 
See  als 
he  hin 


ibs. 


Schaefer's  Method.    Place  patient  on  his  stomach, 
,ns  in  front  of  head  fully  extended,  head  to  o-o  side 
,  that  the  mouth  and  nose  ar"  away  from  the  h-   unci. 
(To  locate  the  rihs  is  a  very  simple  matter,  but  it  is 
iwLrested  that  a  little  practice  on  a  friend  without 
,7thes  is  neccssiiry,  because  we  have  seen  men  grasp 
le  hip  bones  instead  of  the  lowest  ribs.) 
Now  vour  arms  must  be  held  straight  and  you 
iao-  voiir  botly  and  shouldtTs  forward  to  throw  your 
vioht  <>n  the  arms.    This  weight  is  slowly  increased 
,r  alM)ut  three  seconds  until  you  feel  that  the  weight 
i^  been  enough  to  squeeze  the  ribs  together,  then 
•eight  is  suddenly  removed.     It  is  not  necessary  to 
like  off  the  hands  for  that  purpose,  bu.  there  must 
W  no  pressure  left.    Remember,  also,  that  the  pressure 
mst  stop  suddenly.     The  reason  is  that  when  you 
tuiecze  the  ribs  together  and  release  them  suddenly, 
^vir  spring-like  action  will  allow  filling  the  lungs  with- 
lut  your  aid. 

Repeat  the  pressure  after  about  two  seconds,  again 
*()lding  the  ribs  pressed  down  for  three  seconds, 
'ou  see  that  at  that  rate  you  will  produce;  twelve 
omplete  acts  of  emptying  and  filling  the  lungs  per 
[liuute. 

You  may  see  life  coming  back  after  half  an  hour, 
ut  do  not  stop.  Sometimes  an  hour  or  two  are  neces- 
■arv  to  cause  life  to  come  back.  Stop  only  when  sure 
he  man  is  dead  (after  two  hours!)  or  when  patient 
as  regained  consciousness  and  is  breathing  deeply 
ly  himself. 

Then  get  the  patient  into  warm  blankets,  or  keep 
im  warm  with  hot  water  bottles  as  in  all  cases  of 
ihock. 

No  stimulants  should  be  given  the  paUent  while 

le  is  unconscious,  but  a  bystander  may  hold  near  the 

patient's  nose  a  handkerchief  on  which  has  been  placed 

little  aromatic  spirits  of  ammonia.     A  t>&ii  Vivo 

oil  is  even  better  than  the  ammonia. 

NOTE      If  vou  are  a  heavv  ni..a  be  careful.    Your  body 
Foisiht  may  cau^  enough  pressure  to  break  the  patient  »  ribs. 

37 


!^ 


|i^ 


Watch   carefully   until   a  doctor   comes,   beca  b 
after  you  have  revived  the  patient  his  breathing  u  a  | 
stop  without  warning.    You  must  then  again  perfon: 
artificial  respiration. 

If  a  man  is  struck  by  lightning,  the  same  treatni(  n 
should  be  given  as  if  he  had  been  in  contact  witl, 
live  wire,  except,  of  course,  that  no  time  need  be  los 
in  moving  the  patient. 

It  is  a  fact  that  strong  currents  of  electricity  &n 
lightning  kill  almost  instantly. 

However,  a  first-aid  man  should  never  assume  thi 
responsibility  of  pronouncing  a  victim  dead. 

Artificial  respiration  for  one  hour  should  be  trier 
in  all  such  cases,  or  until  a  qualified  physician  assume^ 
the  responsibility. 

CHAPTER  XIII 

DROWNING 

Persons  who  have  been  a  short  time  under  watei 
and  are  apparently  dead  should  be  given  the  benefit 
of  doubt  and  attempts  made  to  restore  them  to  life 


Figure  21 

Draining  water  from  Bronchial  Passages. 

38 


Undoubtedly  the  simP^^st  ^nd  best  "lethod   to 
accomplish   this   is  the  so-called   Schaefer   Method 
This  is  used  by  the  United  States  Army  as  the  best 
method  to  produce  artificial  breathing.     (It  is  illus- 
trated and  described  in  Chapter  XII.) 

Drain  Out  Water  First  As  soon  as  the  patient  is 
taken  out  of  the  water,  turn  him  on  his  face  ana 
abdomen,  slide  your  hands  under  his  waist,  clasp  them 
so  a^  to  iet  a  good  hold  and  then  raise  the  patient  as 
shoWhi  Figuri  21.  This  will  drain  out  the  water  from 
Konchial  tubes.  This  step  should  be  taken  before 
anything  else  no  matter  what  treatment  is  given 
afterward. 


Figure  22.    First  Position. 

Grasp  wrists  and  bring  hands  together  over  chest.    Note  rolled 

coat  or  pad  under  shoulders  to  expand  chest. 


Figure  23.    Second  Position. 
Press  down  on  ribs,  still  holding  wrists. 

ao 


Figure  24.     Tliird  Position. 
Extend  iirnis  out  and  up  toward  head,  keeping  them  near  grv;un(l. 


Figure  25.     Fourth  Position. 

Arms  brought  straight  up.    Now  go  back  to  First  Position  and 

repeat. 


You  may  see  life  coming  back  after  half  an  hour, 
but  do  not  stop.  Sometimes  an  hour  cr  two  are  neces- 
.sary  to  cause  life  to  come  back.  Stop  only  when  sure 
the  man  is  dead  (after  two  hour.s!)  or  w'hen  patient 
has  regained  consciousness  and  is  breathing  deeply 
by  himself. 

Then  get  the  patient  into  warm  blankets,  or  keep 
him  warm  with  hot  water  bottles  as  in  all  cases  of 
shock. 

No  stimulants  should  be  given  the  patient  while 
he  is  unconscious,  but  a  bystander  may  hold  near  the 
patient's  nose  a  handkerchief  on  which  has  been  placed 
a  little  aromatic  spirits  of  ainmouia,  or  better  still,  use 
a  H  iV:  M  \'ivo  Roll. 

40 


CHAPTKR  XIV 


POISONING 


l\)isoning  may  be  an  accident  hut  vory  ofton 
lison  is  taken  with  the  flohhcrate  intention  of  self 
-t  ruction. 

Poisoning  is  always  serious  and  recjuires  prompt 

^1(1  proi)er  aid  if  life  is  to  l)e  saved.    Often  enoufih  it 

ill  l)e  impossible  to  do  anything,  either  because  the 

inison  is  too  deadly  or  because  the  victims  have  been 

itnid  too  late. 

The  first  thing  for  a  first-aid  man  to  remember  is 
jiat  a  physician  can  do  a  good  deal  if  he  knows  the 
[ature  of  the  poisoning.  While  the  very  first  thing 
])  do  is  to  send  someone  for  a  physician,  an  attempt 
jiould  be  made  to  find  out  what  particular  poison 
las  been  taken. 

Usually,  if  poisoning  happened  by  mistake,  the 
latient  points  to  the  bottle  or  container  holding  the 
loison,  or  the  container  is  found  in  the  neighborhood 

the  unconscious  victim. 

Under  such  conditions  there  is  little  chance  for  a 
[listake. 

Of  course,  unfortunates  often  take  a  powder,  a  pill 
a  swallow  from  a  bottle  without  a  label — and  then 

[le  problem  of  telling  what  poison  has  been  taken  is 

[ither  difficult — but  not  impossible. 

Sometimes  the  odor  from  the  bottle,  sometimes  the 
•inptoms  shown  by  the  patient  tell  us  the  kind  of 
oison  that  has  been  taken. 

There  are  three  main  classes  of  [)oisons: 

1.  Drugs,  medicines  or  chemicals. 

2.  Gases. 

3.  Animal  l)ites  (snakes,  rabid  dogs). 

41 


Jr 


As  far  as  Gases  are  concerned  the  diagnosis  is  eas\l 
People    found   overcome    in   gas-filled   rooms   or   ij 
sewers   or   in   mines — ^that   in   itself   answers   evci 
question. 

The  treatment,  too,  is  simple.    Out  into  the  frcs 
air  with  them:    And  as  soon  as  they  are  taken  awij 
from  harm,  start  artificial  respiration  at  once. 

Artificial  respiration  is  fully  described  on  page 

If  you  prefer  Schaefer's  method  of  artificial  respira 
tion,  which  is  less  tiring,  you  will  find  it  describf 
under  "Drowning"  on  pages  38,  39  and  40. 

People  poisoned  by  animals  require  special  treatj 
ment.    Look  for  it  at  the  end  of  this  chapter. 

The  main  question  concerns  poisoning  by  drugs. 

For  your  purposes  it  is  enough  to  know  that  ther 
are  two  main  classes: 

1.  Vegetable — sleep-producing. 

2.  Metallic — caustics. 

Of  course  this  division  is  not  scientific,  but  go<: 
from  a  practical  point. 

Two  Examples.  A  child  swallows  lye  by  mistakej 
This  produces  burning  of  the  mouth,  lips,  tonguej 
throat,  gullet  and  stomach.  This  is  the  cai*«fo*c(etching| 
effect. 

A  man  takes  an  overdose  of  morphine  or  opmn 
and  nothing  is  destroyed — nothing  burned — but  tb 
patient  is  in  a  deep,  profound  sleep — he  is  "drugged. 
Such  drugs  are  called  "narcotics"  (sleep  producing).    I: 
let  alone,  such  patients  pass  from  deep  sleep  to  death 

Now  by  these  two  examples  you  see  the  difference  j 
This  is  especially  important;  because  where         caustiij 
effect  is  severe  you  must  not  get  rid  of  the  puison  bv^ 
vomiting,  as  you  are  liable  to  produce  serious  injur: 
to  an  already  damaged  stomach,  or  gullet.    With  thi 
one  exception  the  great  rule  to  treat  poisoning  is  t( 
get  rid  of  the  poison  first  and  then  treat  conditions  a 
they  appear. 

42 


A  drug  which  produces  vomitinK  is  called  an 
emetic.  You  must  know  this  because  later  on,  when  wo 
will  discuss  individual  poisons  we  shall  only  state 
when  an  emetic  is  to  be  given. 

Vomiting  can  be  produced  by  giving  two  tea- 
spoonfuls  of  wine  of  ipecac. 

Other  methods  of  producing  vomiting  (emetics)  ari': 

Give  patient  plenty  of  lukewarm  water  and 
after  that  tickle  his  throat  with  the  finger  or 
a  feather.  If  you  have  salt  or  mustard  handy, 
add  half  a  teaspoonful  of  either  to  the  glass  of 
lukewarm  water. 

To  enable  you  to  find  the  chemical  poisons  quickly 
we  have  described  them  alphabetically. 

If  you  look  for  poisoning  by  matches,  for  instance — 
look  for  matches  under  the  letter  "M."  It  will  refer 
you  back  to  Phosphorus — ^which  you  will  find  under 
"P." 

If  you  want  to  look  up  Carbolic  acid,  you  will 
find  it  mentioned  under  "C,"  but  referred  back  to 
Acid,  Carbolic,  as  we  prefer  that  designation.  When 
poisons  have  common  names,  look  for  the  common 
jjame — ^you  will  be  referred  back  to  the  technical  name. 


POISONS 


Acid  Acetic.  A  vegetable  acid  much  used  in  many 
industries. 

Symptom^—P&m  in  stomach.  Burning  sensation  in 
throat.  There  is  a  sharp  vinegar  odor  from  the 
patient's  mouth. 

Treatment—Baking  soda  or  better  still  bicarbonate  of 
soda  is  a  good  and  proper  antidote.  Lime  water 
is  good,  too.    After  that  give  plenty  of  milk. 

43 


Acid  Orbolic     (Phenol). 

Sifwptonis — Peculiar  odor.  Lips,  gums  and  moutl 
sfiow  white  burns.  Patient  may  complain  of 
hurnins  pain  in  mouth  and  stomach.  Collapse, 
("onvulsions. 

F^rst-Aid — Rinse  mouth  with  pure  alcohol.  A  grown 
IMTson  should  swallow  3  or  4  tablespoonfuls  of 
alcohol  mixed  half  and  half  with  water.  Then 
in  five  minutes  give  2  tablespoonfuls  of  Epsom 
Salts  in  a  little  water.  Castor,  sweet  or  olive  oil, 
or  3  or  4  raw  eggs  may  be  given.  Keep  patient 
warm.     Give  stimulants 

Acid  Hydrochloric     (Treat  as  for  Acid,  Sulphuric). 

Acid  Hydrocyanic    (See  Acid,  Prussic). 

Acid  Muriatic    (Treat  as  for  Acid,  Sulphuric). 

Acid  Nitric    (Treat  as  for  Acid,  Sulphuric). 

Acid  Oxalic 

Symptoms — Violent  pains  in  stomach  and  bowels. 
Cramps  in  the  legs.    Prostration.    Convulsions. 

First- Aid — Chalk,  lime  water.  If  none  on  hand  tear 
off  i)lastering  from  wall;  marble-dust  will  help. 
Follow  with  a  tablespoonful  of  castor  oil. 

Acid  Prussic 

Symptoms — Very  rapidly  effective  poison  leading  to 
unconsciousness  in  two  minutes.  The  nature  of 
the  poison  can  be  recognized  by  the  odor  of  bitter 
almond  on  the  patient's  breath. 

Treatment — Emetics.  Dash  cold,  wet  towel  to  face 
repeatedly.  Give  brandy.  Keep  up  artificial 
respiration  for  forty  minutes.  If  the  patient  can  be 
kept  alive  that  long — a  life  has  been  saved. 

Acid  Sulphuric     (Oil  Vitriol). 

Symptomf< — Intense  burning  pain  all  the  way  from  the 
lips  to  the  stomach.  Lips  and  mouth  show  black 
burns.  If  the  patient  vomits,  what  comes  looks 
tinged  with  blood,  but  is  black  in  color.  The 
patients  have  great  difficulty  in  swallowing  and 

44 


■M 


vory    s(H)n     colhipse    :um1     Ihh'omk'     unc«mf<<'ums. 
There  may  be  an  odor  like  the  acid  taken. 

First-Aid—GWe  at  once  water  into  which  some  soap 
has  been  thrown,  chalk,  baking  so<la,  bicarl)onate 
of  soda,  lime-water. 

Aconite 

.S//m»/oms— Prickling  and  tingling  of  tongue  and 
throat.    Weak  irregular  pulse.    Oithcult  respiration. 

First-Aid—Vf^e  emetics  at  once.  Cive  strong  ti'a 
freely  Give  other  stimulants.  Lay  patient  down 
with  head  low  and  feet  raised.  Apply  mustard 
plasters  over  heart  and  on  calves  of  legs.  Keep 
patient  warm  and  resort  to  artificial  respiration 
if  necessary. 

Alcohol 

Symptoms— Odor  on  breath.  Patient  is  "drunk." 
Face  flushed.  Pupils  are  wide.  Convulsions  and 
delirium  ("seeing  snakes")  represent  a  very  serious 
stage. 

First-Aid— Emetics.  Hot  black  coffee.  Let  him  smell 
strong  ammonia.  Keep  patient  warm. 
(NOTE:  Men  found  unconscious  on  the  street 
apparently  very  drunk  may  suffer  from  apo- 
plexy" or  "stroke"— which  means  bleeding  from 
a  vessel  of  the  brain.) 

Alcohol,  Wood     (See  Wood  Alcohol). 
Ammonia     (Treat  as  for  Lye). 
Antimony     (See  I'artar  Emetic). 

Arsenic 

Symptoms-Burning  pain  in  stomach;  vomiting  and 
purging;  hands  and  feet  cold;  patient  feels  faint 
and  often  has  a  headache. 

Fir^'f-Aid—Use  emetics  at  once  and,  if  near  a  drug 
store,  get  four  ounces  of  the  official  arsenic  anti- 

45 


dote  (hydrated  oxide  of  iron  with  nuignesia)  urn! 
give  it  all  immediately  in  one  dose.  Magnesia 
may  he  used.  Raw  eggs  beaten  in  milk  may  he 
given  freely  and  followed  with  sweet  oil.  Keep 
hands  antl  feet  warm  and  use  stimulants  if  indi- 
cated. 

Arsenious  Acid    (^5ee  Arsenic). 

Atropine    (See  Belladonna). 

Belladonna 


of    mouth    and 
and  often  dizzi- 


SymptoniH — Dilat(;d  pupils,  dryness 
throat,  flushed  face,  quick  pulse, 
ness,  convulsions  and  delirium. 

Treatment — Produce  vomiting.  Give  stimulants  and 
apply  heat  to  hands  and  feet.  Mustard  plasters 
may  be  applied  to  the  feet  with  good  results. 
Artificial  respiration  may  be  required. 

Bichloride  of  Mercury     (See  Corrosive  Sublimate). 
Blue  Stone      (See  Copper  Sulphate). 
Blue  Vitriol      (See  Copper  Sulphate). 
Camphor 

Symptoms — Headache,  dizziness,  pain  in  stomach, 
weak  pulse  and  possible  collapse.  The  odor  of 
camphor  will  be  noticeable. 

Treatment — Use  emetics,  give  stimulants,  apply  heat 
to  hands  and  feet. 

Cantharides    (Spanish  Fly). 

Symptoms — Severe  pain  in  abdomen,  irritation  of  the 
bladder,  vomiting  and  sometimes  convulsions. 
Urine  passed  with  pain,  sometimes  showing  blood. 

Treatment — Give  an  emetic  and  follow  with  raw  eggs, 
milk  and  stimulants.  Do  not  give  oils  ["•'e  heat 
externally. 

Carbolic  Acid     (See  Acid,  Carbolic;. 

Caustic  Potash     (See  Lye). 

Caustic  Soda     (See  Lye). 

46 


Chloral     iChloral  Hydrate.  "Knockout  Drops"). 
Smiptoms—PnpWs.    contracted    at   first     may    dilate 

afterwards,    sk.n    cold,    pulse    feeble    and    sl(»w, 

respiration  slow;  patient  is  overcome  with  lethargic 

drowsiness. 
Treatment— Keep  the  patient  awake.     Give  /'mftic, 

lay  patient  down  with  head  low,    '  >ply  heat  to 

extremities,  and  give  stimulants  freely.     By  all 

means    keep    patient    awake,    and,    if    necessary, 

resort  to  artificial  respiration. 
Chloroform      (Poisoning   by   swallowing   Chloroform 

Liniment). 
>',///tp<oms— Burning  sensation  in  mouth.     Prostration 

and— if  dose  was  large— great  "sleepiness.      C  har- 

acteristic  odor. 
First- Aid— Emetic.    Give  a  little  whiskey  or  brandy. 

Slap    face  with  cold,    wet    towel.      If   necessary 

artificial  respiration. 
ChlorKorm    (Poisoning  by  inhaling  Chloroform). 

First-Aid— Loosen  clothing:    have  head  low  and  feet 
high       Tongue    should    be    pulled    forward    and 
plenty  of  fresh  air  provided.     Artificial  respire 
tion.    Stimulants. 
Cocaine— Seldom  taken  for  the  purpose  of  suicide. 
Usually  one,  a  slave  to  the  habit,  takes  an  over- 
dose. X         -i. 
Svmptoms-mzzmess,  shortness  of  breath,  great  excite- 
ment,  sometimes  convulsions,  stupor  or  blindness: 
First-Aid— Whiskey  or  brandy  by   mouth.     Strong 
ammonia  held  elose  to  nostrils.     Strong,  black, 
hot  coffee. 
Codeine     (See  Opium). 

Copper  Sulphate— Poisoning,  usuaUy  by  swallowing 
'^lue  stone";  also  called  "blue  vitriol,  or  from 
verdigris. 
.St/mpfan?s— Patients  complain  of  a  taste  like  metal, 
drawing  the  mouth  together.  Griping  ramps  m 
abdomen.  Vomiting  and  diarrh«  t  wit i)  irritation 
of  the  rectum.    Great  prostratioii  and  thirst. 

47 


H« 


l;  :    i 


First- Aifl — Emetic,  unless  there  has  been  much  vomit- 
ing, so  that  the  stomach  may  be  assumed  to  be 
empty.  Give  next  milk,  eggs,  baking  soda,  or 
better  still,  ordinary  soap. 

Corrosive  Sublimate     (Mercury  Bichloride). 

Symptoms — Metallic  taste,  (excessive  thrist,  violent 
abdominal  pain,  nausea,  difficult  breathing,  small 
and  frequent  pulse,  cold  sweat,  vomiting. 

Treatment — Give  freely  white  of  raw  eggs  beaten  up 
with  water  and  immediately  empty  the  stomach 
in  the  most  practical  way.  Then  give  more  white 
of  egg. 


Creosote — For   symptoms   and    treatment 
Carbolic. 


see 


Acid 


Croton  OU 

Symptoms — Vomiting,  purging,  prostration. 

Treatment — Empty  the  stomach  immediately  and  give 
white  of  egg  beaten  up  with  water,  a  mixture  of 
flour  and  water,  or  milk.    Then  use  stimulants. 

Digitalis    (Foxglove). 

Symptoms — Heart  beats  violently,  although  at  the 
wrist  the  pulse  may  be  slow.  The  skin  is  pale  and 
the  patient  may  complain  of  headache. 

Treatment — Give  an  emetic  and  follow  at  once  with 
strong  tea,  an  infusion  of  oak  bark  or  half  a 

•  teaspoonful  of  tarmic  acid  in  a  cup  of  water. 
Have  patient  lie  flat  and  apply  heat  to  extremities. 

Dog  Button     (See  Nux  Vomica). 

Fowler's  Solution     (See  Arsenic). 

Foxglove     (See  Digitalis). 

Henbane     (Treat  as  for  Belladonna). 

Hydrochloric  Acid     (Treat  as  for  Acid  Sulphuric). 

Hydrocyanic  Acid     (See  .Acid,  Prussic). 

Hyoscyamus     (Treat  as  for  Belladonna). 

48 


Iodine 

s»»i«toms— Vomiting  and  purging,  the  vomited  matter 

•^   tSg  a  blue   color   with  anything;  contammg 

Starch     Pain  and  irritation  in  throat  and  stomach. 

Treatment— GWe  &  quantity  of  starch  and  water  or 
br^d  and  water%mpty  the  stomach  immediately 
and    give   more   bread   and   water,   or   l^etter   a 
starch  paste.     Milk  or  white  of  egg  may  also  be- 
given.    If  necessary  follow  with  stimulants. 

Knock-Out  Drops     (See  Chloral) . 

Laudanum     (See  Opium). 

Lead  (Sugar  of  Lead,  Lead  Paints,  etc). 

Sympeoms— Metallic  taste,  dryness  of  throat,  pain  in 
stomach,  vomiting  and  purging. 

rrmfrm-ni— Evacuate  the  stomach  and  give  a  table- 
spoonful  of  magnesium  sulphate  or  sodium  su- 
phate  (Epsom  or  Glauber's  Salts)  m  a  glass  of 
water.    Give  raw  white  of  egg,  Castor  oil. 

Lunar  Caustic     (See  Silver  Nitrate). 

Lye     (Caustic  Potash,  Caustic  Soda). 

Symptoms-A  bitter,  burning  taste  way  down  from 
throat  to  stomach.  Vomiting,  looseness  of  the 
bowels.    Later  collapse.    The  mouth  shows  burns. 

Treatment-Give  olive  oil.    Next  vinegar  and  lemon 
Tuiee.    No  case  should  be  allowed  to  go  without 
a  doctor's  advice  as  the  lye  may  narrow  the  gullet. 

Matches     (See  Phosphorus). 
Mercury     (See  Corrosive  Sublimate). 
Monks  Hood     (See  Aconite). 
Morphine     (See  Opium). 
Muriatic  Acid  (Treat  as  for  Acid,  Sulphuric). 
Mushrooms     (See  Toadstools). 
Nitric  Acid'   (Treat  as  for  Acid,  Sulphuric).  ! 

49 


loot-* 


I' 


Nux  Vomica     (Dog  Button). 

.Symptoms— Twitching   of  the   muscles,    r.termittfnt| 

^convulsions,    the    head    is    usually   thrown    ba 
with  open,  staring  eyes. 

Treatment-Vse  strong  tea,  for  the  tannin  it  contau.s; 
or,  if  available,  give  half  a  teaspoonful^  of  tamn, 
ac  d  in  a  cup  of  water.  Powdered  Charcoal  u 
also  a  good  antidote.  Empty  the  stomach  Resort 
to  artificial  respiration  if  necessary.  The  doctorj 
will  give  specific  medical  treatment. 

OU  Vitriol     (See  Acid,  Sulphuric). 

Opium 

Symptoms-Drowsmess,  stupor,  deep  breathing.    Ljxjk 
^  at  the  pupils  of  the    eyes-they  are  very  small. 
Patient  can  be  awakened  by  shakmg  and  shoutmgf 
Into  his  ears,  but  goes  back  to  deep  sleep  immc-j 
diately.  i 

Treatnwnt-Emetic.  Strong  black  coffee    Keep  patient 
awake  by  having  two  men  support  hira  and  walk. 
If  br  athing  is  poor— artificial  respu-ation. 
4  nfidote— Belladonna  or  rather  its  alkaloid  Atropine. 
(Always  wait  for  doctor  who  can  inject  antidote  under\ 
the  skin.) 
OmUc  Acid     (See  Acid,  Oxalic). 
Paints     (See  Lead). 
Paregoric     (See  Opium). 
Paris  Green     (See  Arsenic). 
Phenol     (See  Acid,  Carbolic). 

Phosphorus 

Swmofoms— Burning  sensation  in  stomach;    vomiting 
^TndTurging,  th'e  matter  vomited  having  a  garlic 

odor,  and  being  luminous  in  the  dark.     Uilatea 

pupils,  weak  pulse,  prostration. 
Treatment— Vse  emetics  to  clear  out  stomach    then 
^^  magnesia.    Avoid  oils  except  the  acid  French  | 

60 


.^K'TB-'^. 


oil    of    turpentine.      Five    grains    of  ^Pota««\^"5 
^rnmnganate  in  a  large  glass  of  water  has  proved 
S  Xtive  antidote.    Mucilaginous  drinks  should 
be  given  afterward. 
Potash     (See  "Lye"). 

issicAcid    (See  Acid,  Prussic). 
'tomaine  Poisoning     (Decayed  Fish,  Meat,  Oysters, 

or  Vegetables). 
Lmpfoms— DUated  pupils,  depression  of  heart,  pain 
in  stomach. 
Vm/menf— Induce  vomiting.    Give  a  purgative  and 
pSred  charcoal.    Use  stimulants  internally  and 
heat  externally. 

i   Poison     (Is    usually    made    from    Arsenic   and 
Phosphorus,  which  see). 

saver  Nitrate 

^ympfom^Burning    in    mo-th    and    stomach    ^^th 
^  intense    pain.      Collar-      >nd    deep    skep.      The 
vomited  matters  tun      '      .  very  rapidly. 

•reafmenf— Give  at  onc»  oeaspoonful  of  common 
Min  a  Uttle  water,  and  follow  with  an  emetic. 
The  other  symptoms  require  a  physician  s  aid. 

(See  Lye). 

Spanish  Fly     (See  Cantharides). 

strychnine     (See  Nux  Vomica). 
^ugar  of  Lead    (See  Lead) . 
^Sulphate  of  Copper    (See  Copper  Sulphate). 

Sulphuric  Acid    (See  Acid,  Sulphuric). 

Tartar  Emetic    (Antimony  and  Potassium  Tartrate). 

Lnptom^-Metallic  taste,  vomiting,  burning  pain  in 
^stomach,    weak    and    quickened    pulse,    difficult 
i)reatbing,  cold  skin,  cramps  m  the  legs. 

61 


■dia^Sab^fittt'l)' 


m 


W 
\\ 
II 
I) 

( 


lants.    Keep  patient  warm. 

Tincture  Aconite     (See  Aconite). 

Tincture  Belladonna    (See  Belladonna). 

Tincture  Iodine     (See  Iodine). 

Toadstools     ("Pol-onous  Mushrooms"). 
,S,mpfom.s-Headache.  stupor,  cold  sweat,  colic,  vomit, 
ing,  prostration. 

and  ortharties.     U^e  stimutots  and  apply  h..a| 
externally. 

Wolfsbane    (See  Aconite). 

Wood  Alcohol 

.Sj/mpfo^T^Intoxicadon,   headache,   nausea,   prostra 

tiop. 
Treaiment-\Jse  emetics  and  apply  heat  over  heari 
anTto  hands  and  feet.     Give  strong  coffee  a.i< 
allow  patient  to  inhale  ammoma. 

Zinc    All  forms. 

.Sympfom^Colic,  vomiting  and  purging. 

-is;;rarrxi:tra»£3 


Zinc  Chloride    (See  Zinc). 
Zinc  iiulphate    (See  Zinc). 


rostraJ 

•  hear 
ee  an 


powdei 
(W  witl 
ternall} 
tally. 


POISONING  BY  ANIMALS 

l.v  cutting  clothing  if  ^^^^^^^^^^  J  the  heart.     This 
„\e  limb  between  the  ^«"J^^^^^^^  strong 

,aav  be  done  with  a  ^^Pf^'^.u'ontrol  of  bleeding 
Landage,  or  strap,  -  taught  fo  .the  con^  ^^^^  ^^ 

(see  pages  15  to  1^/',  '"^.    ^  into  the  general  oir- 
possible,  diffusion  of  Y'!,^vwe^l  be  used,  but  pressure 
[■ulation.    A  tourniquet  ma>v^eU  be  u^  ^,^^^^  ^^^ 
should  be  relieved  after  an  nour  <. 
if  necessary.  .     x^p 

Some  bleeding  should  ^^^^^^ZV^^  ^^^ 
extent  of  opening  up  *^^  ^^^^^'^  "^^  ife.  Sucking  the 
Lngs,  with  a  clean,  smaU  P^n  ^^^.       ^he   limb   is 

wound   i"^5^^.^1^^y^„d  may  be  done  if  the  hps  are 
commonly  adyiBed  a^d  may  ^  ^^^  ^^^^^  ^ay 

Givebrandy  by  -uth^ 

^  been  render^  „  hydrophobia  is  suspe.t«l 

Dog,  Cat,  Horse,  Bitefc  "  "5™    K        u„ci  a„d  the 

the  taSb  should  be  bo"»d  »»  xle  wound  should 

heart,  and  "f  d!"*  ^"™^^?*^  and  soap.    Cauteriang 

-nVoitontx^-ir"'^*'^"^*' 

trii-^o^ned  fn»pt:  L  lon«  a.  five  wee., 
fo  ie  it  -  develops  the  d.sease 

Unless  the  >^^'-f-^^'  ^^^ong  a"  KSton  ^f  the 

f-^^'S  irpre^tS?  brp'r'Xa'"--*- 

wound  IS  preveiufu    .  t-  ^^ 

J-^'  Sti-«s.  ^PP'yC":rcllwSr,andif 
with  a  B  &  B  .Y'™. R?";^  a  dMtor  attend  to  the  case. 
t.t  Sr'TatSaVy  cold  water  only. 

5.3 


CHAPTER  XV 

SUNSTROKE—HEATSTROKE— "HEAT 
EXHAUSTION" 


Although  sunstroke  may  occur  even  in  the  cooler ! 
seasons,  people  are  "overcome"  by  the  eflfect  of  the 
sun  during  the  warm  season  mostly. 

Men  who  drink  and  those  weakened  by  other 
causes  are  more  often  affected  by  the  sun's  rays  than 
healthy  men. 

neatstroke.  Is  a  condition  due  to  exposure  to 
great  heat,  especially  in  poorly  ventilated  rooms. 

As  the  sjrmptoms  and  treatment  of  sunstroke  and 
heatstroke  are  practically  the  same,  both  will  be  dis- 
cussed together.  So-called  "heat  exhaustion,"  however, 
has  different  symptoms  and  requires  different  treat- 
ment and,  therefore,  will  be  discussed  separately. 

Symptoms.  The  patients  complain  of  feeling 
"burning  hot"  and  oppressed.  These  symptoms  do  not 
last  long  and  soon  the  stroke  victims  fall  into  deep 
unconsciousness.  Some  may  die  so  quickly  that  there 
is  no  time  left  to  afford  them  aid,  but  the  majority 
remain  in  this  condition  one  or  more  hours  and  die 
unless  proper  help  is  given.  In  the  milder  forms  of  sun 
or  heatstroke  the  patients  are  somewhat  delirious, 
their  faces  are  flushed,  their  breathing  appears  difficult, 
sometimes  there  is  vomiting  and  convulsions. 

First-Aid.  Patient  should  be  removed  to  a  cool, 
shady  and  airy  place,  clothing  loosened  at  the  neck  and 
chest  (in  women  the  corsets  should  be  unlaced).  Wash 
or  sponge  the  face  and  chest  with  cold  water.  If  ice  can 
be  had  the  water  should  be  cooled  by  ice,  or  better  still 
a  piece  of  ice  should  be  rubbed  over  the  face  and  chest' 

• 

Sunstroke  and  heat  stroke  are  serious  accidents  and 
unless  patients  appear  to  get  much  better  under  the 
first-aid  treatment,  a  physician  should  be  sent  for  or 
the  patient  removed  to  a  hospital. 

54 


Heat  Exhaustioii  differs  from  sun  or  heatstroke  in 
that  the  patients  actually  become  exhausted  from  the 
heat  and  hard  work.    Patients  will  show  the  followmg: 

Symptoms.  F^ntness,  weak  and  rapid  pulse,  pale- 
ness of  the  face,  prostration.  In  serious  forms,  like  m 
sunstroke,  one  may  see  patients  become  delirious. 

First-Aid.  Remove  to  cool,  airy  spot.  Then  give 
stimulants.  Strong  ammonia  or  a  B  «fe  B  Vivo  RoU 
may  be  held  to  the  nostrils,  a  teaspoonful  of  brandy, 
hot  coffee  or  one-half  teaspoonful  of  aromatic  spirits  of 
ammonia  in  a  little  water  are  the  best  stimulants. 


REMEMBER 

Patients  overcome  by  sun  or  heat  showii^  a  hot 
flushed  face  (fever!)  need  cooling  treatment! 

but 

Patients  overcome  by  sun  or  heat  showing  a  pale, 
cool  face  (exhaustion!)  need  stimuUUion! 

Frostbite.  Healthy  and  well  clothed  men  and 
women  can  resist  cold  weather  to  a  very  great  extent, 
but  when  intense  cold  prevails  and  care  cannot  be 
taken  to  keep  up  the  circulation  of  the  blood,  tho 
fingers,  toes,  ears,  and  nose  may  become  frozen  to 
su-h  an  extent  that  a  condition  of  "frostbite"  results. 

Symptoms.  Very  frequently  there  are  no  symptoms 
because  the  parts  have  lost  all  sensation.  But  you  will 
at  once  recognize  the  serious  trouble  because  the  affected 
part  looks  yellowish  white— dead.  At  first  there  is  a 
tingling  sensation  in  the  affected  parts,  which  turn  c. 
bluish  color.    This  sensation  should  serve  as  a  warning. 

First  Aid.  The  frost  bitten  parts  should  be  rubbed 
with  the  warm  hand.  If  after  some  effort  local  life  is  not 
restored  the  services  of  a  physician  must  be  secured. 

It  is  dangerous  to  treat  Prostbite  by  the  application 
of  hot  water  or  any  other  strong  heat. 

m 


h 


i 


CHAPTER  XVI 
BANDAGING 

A  bandage  is  nothing  vv  ro  nor  less  than  a  binder. 

You  will  find  in  the  first-aid  cabinet  three  kinds 
of  bandages,  namely: 

1.  Triangular. 

2.  Roller. 

3.  Adhesive  tape. 

Each  of  them  is  useful. 

The  triangular  bandage  can  be  used  with  great 
success  when  only  a  short  section  of  the  body  needs 
covering.  Figure  29  shows  the  application  of  the 
triangular  bandage  to  the  hand,  and  Figure  30  the 
same  bandage  applied  to  the  foot  and  completely  tied. 

Figure  26  shows  the  triangular  bandage  ready  to  be 
tied  around  the  forehead.  Figure  28  shows  the  same 
binder  folded  to  cover  the  abdomen  and  Figure  27  the 
enti  'e  head. 

The  triangular  bandage  is  especially  valuable  when 
large  places,  as  shown  in  the  pictures  just  referred  to, 
are  to  be  dressed.  A  large  piece  of  sterile  gauze  is 
applied  first.  On  top  of  this  is  placed  absorbent 
cotton,  to  take  up  the  oozed  blood,  and  the  entire 
dressing  is  held  in  place  by  the  bandage. 

You  can  readily  see  from  Figures  13  and  14,  pages 
27  antl  28,  that  the  triangular  bandage  is  very  useful 
as  a  sling  for  an  injured  arm. 

The  pictures  show  plainly  how  the  bandage  is  to 
be  employed.  It  can  also  be  folded,  of  course,  to 
make  it  narrow,  and  used  almost  everywhere  as  an 
ordinary  bandage,  especiallj'  when  a  short  one  will  do. 

66 


Figure  26 
Triangular  Bandage  around  head. 


Figure  27 
Triangular  Bandage  completely  covering  crown. 


1 


67 


FiRure  28 
Triangular  Bandage  around  abdomen. 


Figure  29  ^igare  30 

Applying  Triangular  Bandape         Triangular  Bandage  on  foot.j 
to  hand. 


r^s 


Figure  31 
Bandage  for  finger. 


Figure  32 
Bandage  for  eye. 


(We  would  suggest  that  every  one  who  desires  to 
become  proficient  in  first-aid  should  practice  bandaging 
on  some  friend,  on  the  old  principle:  "In  time  of  peace 
prepare  for  war"). 

The  roller  bandage  is  to  be  preferred  for  finji,  r  , 
toes,  arms  and  legs.  Small  organs  require  narrow 
bandages— larger  ones  are  best  bandaged  with  broad 
rollers. 

Figure  31  shows  the  best  way  to  bandage  a  fingev. 
The  nail  is  the  proper  place  to  begin.  Make  there  a 
few  turns  to  hold  the  end  down,  then  follow  by  turnmg 
rather  snugly  around  and  around,  but  in  shmgle- 
fashion  (one  turn  covers  about  half  of  the  former  one) 
until  the  end  of  the  finger  closest  to  the  palm  is  reached 
—then  throw  the  bandage  around  the  wrist  by  a  few 
turns  so  it  will  not  slip  off. 

The  end  can  be  fastened  by  a  safety  pin,  by  an 
ordinary  pin,  or  by  putting  a  small  piece  of  adhesive 
plaster  over  the  end. 

50 


Figure  32  shows  a  toIUt  l.andage  for  tl  ryo  It 
can  1)0  plainly  seen  how  the  hamlajje  is  luvM  in  •lace 
by  adhesiv  o  plaster. 


Figure  33.    Circular  Bandage. 

Figure  33  shows  the  war  to  bandage  an  arm  by 
the  ''circular"  method,  li  you  look  carefully  at 
Figure  33  you  will  notice  t-hat  the  bandage  does  not  fit 
^ell — there  is  space  enough  l>etween  the  top  two 
turns  to  put  in  a  pencil.  Such  a  bandage  will  not 
stay  in  place  very  long. 


Fijiuro  Hi.     Making  the  reverse. 


^ 


H 


banilage  for  foot    huI  ;mki» . 

The  reason  is  that  the  ariii  b  hk-ker  ti*  ir  the 
elbow  than  at  the  wrist.  In  -^urh  cu  .s  it  i.^  a-i  isahle 
to  apply  a  reverse  bandage,  siiown  in  I'lg 

The  way  to  apply  a  reverse  handa^  i-  t^  .^i 
with  a  few  turn^  in  t.  maimer  j"-t  given  \s  so.  i 
as  the  unevenn.  s  of  tin-  in^b  hiiMiers  th«-  »andu  e 
from  fitting  clos  ly,  p?"  •  ttie  thiir  >  or  ■  ly  desired 
finger  over  the  op  o!  tnd^  >  tv.  t  the  roller  one- 
half  turn  towarus  you  md  ti  a  tluow  the  bandage 
around.  When  v<>u  reacu  th-  pUice  wh-  re  t!  -  bandage 
was  first  rever-'d,  repeat  v.  the  sni.  m.-inner  and 
keep  that  way  bandaging  and  rever  ''  antil  the 
desired  space  is  c     ered. 

Adhesive  hmui  ges  ha  -  the  property  of  sticking 

o  the  skin.    Thev  are  us*    d  when  only  a  small  part  of 

finger,  a  scratch.^  si-a"      mnd,  etc.,  is  to  be  coshered. 

Of  .  ourst  ri       can        used  instead  of  roller  band- 

agt'H,  but  CO  r,  1       e    nd  then  they  are  not  so  easily 

rTmovefi  wh« ''  •     *<  »4S  have  to  be  changed. 

PTER  XVII 
\Rn^      AL  RESPIRATION 

;.   patient   does   not   breathe   for   one 
mother,  it  is  important  that  the  lungs  be 
cathe  by  artificial  means. 
61 


re. 

ma  e  u 


The  "pulmotor"  not  oniy  accomplishes  this  very 
thing  by  a  machine,  but  forces  oxygen  into  the  lungs 
at  the  same  time.  Oxygen  is  that  part  of  air  which 
sustains  life. 

But  it  is  criminal  negligence  to  wait  for  the  arrival 
of  the  pulmotor  and  meanwhile  do  nothing  to  force  air 
into  and  again  out  of  the  lungs.  Finally,  pulmotors 
are  not  available  ex'^ept  in  large  cities  and  artificial 
breathing  is  the  only  thing  available. 

Before  performing  artificial  respiration  see  that  tht 
mouth  is  clear  of  water  (mucus,  sand,  etc.) ;  pull  out  the 
tongue  (the  tongue  can  be  easily  pulled  out  with  a 
handkerchief  or  piece  of  gauze  between  your  fingers) 
and  loosen  collar  and  tight  clothes.  Sometimes  to  save 
time  and  trouble  the  clothes  should  be  cut  open  with 
a  knife  or  scissors.  Place  a  cushion,  pillow  or  a  rolled 
coat  under  the  patient's  shoulders  so  as  to  raise  up 
the  chest. 

Artificial  Respiration  by  One  Man 

Kneel  behind  the  head  of  the  patient.  Grasp  both 
his  arms  above  the  wrists,  lift  them  to  the  side,  and 
back  in  a  full  circle  and  finally  towards  his  head,  as 
far  as  they  will  go — then  bring  the  arms  back  to  the 
original  position  and  press  in  his  chest. 

By  swinging  the  arms  out,  air  is  drawn  into  the 
lungs,  by  swinging  them  back,  and  pressing  on  the 
lungs  air  is  forced  out.    (See  Chapter  XII,  page  35). 

Don't  Hurry  or  Jerlt  the  Arms!  All  movements 
must  be  made  gradually  and  steadily.  About  eighteen 
times  per  minute  is  the  right  number. 

Artificial  Respiration  by  Two  Men 

Each  helper  kneels  at  either  side  of  the  patient's 
chest  and  grasps  the  elbow  on  his  side.  The  movements 
are  now  carried  out  as  described  above.  Care  must 
be  taken  that  both  execute  the  movements  at  the 
same  time. 

After  five  minutes  or  so  stop  a  movement  or  two 
to  see  whether  the  patient  does  not  breathe  himself. 

62 


1  >on't  be  disheartened  if  no  results  show  then.  Some- 
Mines  it  has  taken  an  hour  or  two  of  this  work  to 
■  store  life. 

For  description  of  Schaefer  Method  of  artificial 
ivspiration,  see  Chapter  XIII,  pages  38  to  40. 

CHAPTER  XVIII 
CARRYING  PATIENTS 

In  large  cities  the  public  hospitals  and  private 
firms  furSeh  ambulances  for  the  comfortable  con- 
veyance of  patients.    Trained  men  with  a^^-etcjier 

Utter)  come  with  the  ambulance  and  carry  them&er^ 
on  the  stretcher,  which  is  suspended  from  the  roof  of 

he  wagon  by  chains  and  springs  to  avoid  jarring. 


Figure  36 

Helping  injured  to  walk. 

03 


Jc---..  ■-."  '  * 


Figure  37 
CarryitiK  over  the  shoulder — the  "fireman's  lift." 

Often  it  will  become  necessary  to  carry  a  patient 
suflferinK  from  an  accident,  after  first-aid  has  been 
administered,  to  a  more  comfortable  or  sheltered 
place. 

Carrying  a  patient,  while  in  itself  not  a  difficult 
matter,  requires  some  knowledge  and  judgment. 

Men,  for  instance,  who  have  broken  arms  or  legs 
should  not  be  handled  roughly.  They  must,  if  possible, 
be  stretched  flat  on  the  back,  and  made  comfortable — 
arms  or  legs  must  find  some  support  to  prevent  jarring, 
even  though  they  have  been  carefully  splinted. 

Patients  who  are  weak  from  loss  of  blood  or  who 
suffer  froin  shock  must  not  only  be  carried  in  a  lying 
(stretched  out)  position,  but  the  head  should  be  kept 
low  at  all  times  in  order  to  allow  sufficient  bUxxl  to 
flow  towards  the  brain. 

In  bad  weather,  care  should  be  taken  against 
chilling  very  young,  elderly  or  very  ill  people.  Such 
pjuicnts  should  l>e  carefully  covered  with  blankets  an<l, 

ft4 


Figure  38 
Back  to  back  carry. 

I  if  possible,  hot  water  bags,  jugs  or  bottles,  securely 

i  corked,  should  be  placed  all  around  the  body. 

It  will  be  seldom  that  one  man  will  be  forced  to 

iiarry  a  helpless  fellowman  for  a  long  distance.    This 
I  nay  happen  in  the  woods— away  from  the  presence 

ji)f  Kther  men. 

In  such  cases  some  try  to  carry  ti  ;   t-  itient  in  the 

I  anus,  much  the  same  as  the  mother  1    ids  her  baby, 
Init  this  is  a  very  impractical  position  as  the  carrier 

I  will  soon  get  very  tired. 

A  simpler  and  easier  way  is  to  "throw  the  helpless 

[patient  over  the  shoulder."    (See  Figure  37). 

The  best  way  is  to  catch  the  forearms  of  the 
I  patient  and  gradually  and  gently  lift  him  to  the  full 
standing  position.  Now  the  carrier  stoops  a  little, 
I  places  his  right  hand  between  the  legs  of  the  patient 
land  bv  means  of  right  shoulder  and  hands  lifts  him 
Mjj^il  the  patient  is  properly  balanced  over  shoulder 
land  back.  In  this  position  long  distances  can  be 
l(<.\ered  without  too  much  exertion. 

65 


Hip 

iP^ 

j 

* 
^j 

*  ^i 

1 

r 

Figure  38  shows  the  "Imck  to  back"  position,  whicl 
is  obtained  in  a  similar  way  to  the  one  described  fo. 
the  "over  shoulder"  position.  One  advantage  for  the 
patient  in  this  position  is  that  he  can  breathe  more 
freely,  the  chest  being  left  free  from  pressure. 


Figure  39.     Carrying  patient  on  four-handed  seat. 


Figure  40.  The  four-handed  seat. 


Where  two  men  are  present  the  prol>lein  of  carrying 
injuretl  people  becomes  much  simplified. 

In  shops,  for  instance,  chairs  and  ladders  are 
always  at  hand  and  patients  are  carried  as  illustrated 
in  Figures  41  and  42.  A  further  description  of  these 
methods  seems  unnecessary. 

Only  one  thing- must  not  be  forgotten  that  when- 
ever two  people  transport  a  patient  no  matter  whether 
they  carry  the  patient  on  their  hands  (one  grasping 
the  back  right  under  the  shoulders— the  other  walking 
between  and  carrying  the  patient's  legs),  or  on  a  laxlder, 
(loor  or  other  improvised  stretcher,  they  must  not 
walk  in  step,  that  is  to  say  the  front  man  should  step 
off  with  the  left  foot,  the  rear  man  with  the  right  foot. 
By  keeping  up  this  step  (one  can  insure  the  same  rate 
by  commanding:  "right!  left!  right!  left!"  or  "one, 
two,  three,  four,  one,  two,  three,  four"  until  both 
have  become  accustomed  to  march  with  the  same 
speed),  the  patient  will  not  be  jarred. 

Figures  43,  44,  45  and  46,  show  how  one  of  the 
simplest  and  most  comfortable  stretchers  may  be 
quickly  produced  when  two  poles  of  the  right  length 
can  be  had. 

The  "bed"  proper  is  obtained  from  the  two  coats 
of  the  bearers.    Follow  these  directions: 

Empty  all  pockets  to  avoid  losing  articles.  Button 
coats  tight.  Now  one  man  picks  up  the  two  poles,  as 
shown  in  Figure  44;  we  will  call  him  Mr.  A.  Mr.  B. 
steps  up  to  Mr.  A.  between  the  poles,  Mr.  A.  stoops 
over  and  Mr.  B.  takes  hold  of  the  coat  at  the  end  on 
the  back  and  pulls  it  over  the  head  until  the  coat 
has  been  stripped,  inside  out,  over  the  poles  as  shown 
in  Figure  45. 

Now  Mr.  B.  steps  bac  .  to  his  end  of  the  poles. 
Mr.  A.  goes  up  to  him  and  does  to  his  coat  as  was 
done  to  his  own.  The  result  is  that  a  coat  is  slipped 
over  each  end  of  the  poles.  Now  the  coats  can  be 
slid  together  and  the  stretcher  is  ready  for  use.  Figure 
46,  shows  the  coat-stretcher  in  action. 

67 


Fijsure  41 
Carrying  in  chiiir. 


Figure  42 
lijiddor  !is  ptrotpher. 


'•i 


68 


m^\ 


Figure  43 
Coat  stn'tcher— first  position. 


I 


*r-^ 


Fipjre  44 
Coat  stretcher— second  ixwitioii. 


»i9 


Figure  45.     Coat  stretcher— third  position. 


Figure  46.    Coat  Btretcher— complete. 
70 


CHAPTER  XIX 
FOREIGN  BODIES 

Forei(ni  Bodies  in  Eye.  A  cinder,  a  speck  of  dust, 
Hi  u  small  fragment  of  wood  or  steel  may  attach  itself 
to  the  upper  or  lower  eye-lid  or  to  the  eyo-ball  and 
,  ause  intense  pain  and  irritation.  There  is  never  any 
doubt  about  the  symptoms,  because  the  patient  feels 
I  hat  something  has  entered  the  eye.  This  may  happen 
nnvwhere,  especially  on  the  street  on  a  wmdy  day. 

Treatment     First,  find  the  foreign  body.     The 
L.wer  eye-lid   is   pressed   down  and  the  inner  side 
thoroughly  examined.     Next,  the  entire  eye-ball  is 
(iirefuUy  looked  at,  by  having  the  patient  look  up, 
down  and  sideways.    One  must  look  very  carefully, 
h(>cause  sometimes  a  tiny  speck  will  escape  observation. 
I'inally  the  upper  eye-lid  must  be  turned  "inside  out. 
This  is  best  done  by  placing  a  match  or  toothpick 
across  the  upper  fold,  grasping  the  hd  by  the  eye 
lashes  and  pulling  the  lid  first  downward  and  then 
i;pward  to  fold  it  over  the  little  piece  of  wood,  so  that 
the  entire  inner  side  can  be  seen.  •    u    * 

A  little  speck  of  dust,  cinder,  or  the  Uke,  is  best 
removed  by  a  tin  bit  of  clean  cotton  rolled  over  the 
end  of  a  toothpic!  which  is  used  like  a  brush,  care 
being  taken  to  exeri  very  little  pressure. 

If  a  bit  of  steel  has  become  imbedded,  the  patient 
should  be  referred  to  an  eye-doctor  as  quickly  as 
possible.  Meanwhile  the  eye  should  be  protected  by  a 
niece  of  gauze  soaked  in  a  solution  of  about  half  a 
teaspoonful  of  boracic  acid  to  a  glass  of  warm  water. 
Use  bandage  or  strips  of  adhesive  plaster  to  keep  the 

gauze  in  place.  i    e  t    a 

Foreign  Bodies  in  the  Windpipe.    A  morsel  of  food 

may  be  "drawn"  in  and  reach  the  mndpipe.  If  the 
body  is  large,  death  may  res.j  It  in  a  few  seconds,  i  here 
is  great  difficulty  in  getting  one's  breath,  the  effort 
having  the  appearance  of  spasni>-  .    i,    , 

Treatment.  Send  for  medical  aid  without  delay. 
Meanwhile  turn  the  patient  over,  hanging  him  by  the 
feet  head  down,  and  slap  forcibly  over  the  back. 
This  will  often  dislodge  the  body  and  save  life. 

71 


mr^^msi 


PART  II 

HEALTH  IN  THE  HOME 

What  Health  Departments  Advise  When  Contogious 
Diseases  Are  Prevalent 

(Mty  health  departments  frequently  issue  sujs>?«- 
tions  to  the  public  to  check  the  spread  of  contagioib 
diseases.     Among  them  the  following  should  ho  keptj 
in  mind  at  all  times: 

"Don't  belittle  the  gravity  of  a  sore  throat— en  I 
in  your  physician  without  delay. 

"Don't  think  that  every  attack  of  vomiting  and  a| 
'breaking  out'  of  the  skin  is  due  to  overloading  of  tli 
stomach— follow  the  same  course  as  above. 

"Don't  let  the  gootl  women  of  the  neighborhood  | 
diagnose  what  disease  your  child  is  suffering  from. 

"Don't  seek  to  avoid   the  observance  of  healtln 
regulations. 

"Don't  put  the  well  children  with  the  sick— as  is 
the  practice  in  many  families— so  that  they  nuiy 
catch  the  disease  and  'be  over  with  it.'  It  is  a  dan- 
gerous practice,  contrary  to  all  reason  and  principi< 
resulting  in  the  needless  sacrifice  of  many  lives  an.  I 
the  pitiful  crippling  of  many  that  survive." 


72 


CONTAGIOUS  DISEASES 


The  following  rules  fur  hiimlliuK  the  more  common 
contagious  diseases  are  those  adopted  hy  Boards  of 
riea'th  generally,  and  have  the  approval  of  physicians 
everywhere. 

Measles.  Not  very  contagious  in  early  stages,  and 
not  at  all  contagious  during  the  incubation  period. 
Very  contagious  to  infants  and  young  children  during 
the  period  when  the  eruption  is  present.  There  is  no 
contagion  during  desquamation  or  peeling,  unless 
there  be  excessive  discharge  from  the  nose.  It  may  l)e 
stated  as  a  fact  that  there  is  no  probability  of  the 
patient  directly  transmitting  the  disease  after  fourteen 
days  (providing  the  above  mentioned  nasal  secretions 
have  ceased)  from  the  development  of  the  first 
symptoms. 

Quarantine  should  be  of  three  weeks'  du'-ation, 
and  the  patient  kept  from  other  members  of  the 
family  who  have  not  previously  had  the  disease. 
Everything  that  has  come  in  contact  with  the  sick 
person  (and  especially  with  the  secretions  from  the 
nose)  should  be  boiled  (such  as  handkerchiefs  or  other 
clothing)  or  otherwise  disinfected. 

The  room  should  be  thoroughly  fumigated  with 
Formaldehyde  and  then  well  aired  for  six  hours. 

Scarlet  Fever.  Very  contagious  in  all  stages,  from 
the  earliest  symptoms  to  complete  recovery,  and  a 
highly  dangerous  disease.  Isolation  must  be  complete 
and  absolute— for  a  period  varying  from  six  to  eight 
weeks  and  even  longer  if  any  complications  such  as 
<mlarged  glands,  running  fi-om  the  ears  or  swollen 
throat  persist  beyond  the  usual  time.  The  room  in 
whi'h  the  patient  is  confined  must  receiVv-  the  most 
car.'ful  att^^ntion.  As  nearly  as  possible,  all  books- 
pictures  and  draperies,  carpets  and  "ugr.  «h-uld  be 
removed,  and  only  such  toys  as  are  oi  ..>  value,  and 
that  may  later  be  destroyed  should  be  allowed  to 
remain.  The  nurses  and  others  who  may  be  in  attend- 
ance should  wear  wash  dresses  and  rubber  or  oilsilk 

73 


coverings  for  the  hair.  If  possible,  no  one  except  the 
physician  and  nurse  should  be  permitted  in  the  sick 
room  at  any  time  until  all  danger  of  transmission  is 
passed.  After  convalescense  is  accomplished  and  the 
room  is  vacated,  the  most  careful  fumigation  of  the 
room  ai;  lisinfection  of  everything  in  it  should  be 
establishes  This  is  l)est  accomplished  by  the  use  of 
Formaldehyde  after  all  crevices  and  cracks  have  been 
sealed.  Dresser  drawers  and  clo.set  doors  thrown  open 
and  all  parts  of  the  room  and  its  immediate  environs 
thoroughly  exix^sed  to  the  fumes. 

Diphtheria.  The  prevention  of  the  spread  of  this 
disea.se  depends  ufwn  early  and  strict  quarantine  and 
the  free  use  of  antitoxin  on  the  well  and  on  the  sick 
members  of  the  family.  The  Quarantine  should  include 
all  those  in  whose  noses  or  throats  the  bacilli  have 
been  found.  It  should  extend  over  a  period  of  four  to 
six  weeks — or  more  properly  until  two  distinct  cultures 
from  the  infected  portions  of  the  body,  taken  at  48 
hour  intervals,  reveal  the  absence  of  the  specific 
micro-organism.  The  sick  room  should  be  cut  off 
from  all  others— preferably  at  the  top  of  the  house. 
It  should  be  as  nearly  bare  of  furniture  as  possible  and 
kept  at  an  equable  temperature.  All  pets  should  be 
excluded  from  the  room — dogs  and  cats  may  carry 
diphtheria.  Wooden  tongue  depressors  should  be  used 
when  examining  the  throat  and  burned  immediately. 
In  fumigating  afterwards  everything  that  has  become 
contaminated,  that  can  be  destroyed,  should  be 
burned.  All  clothing  should  be  well  boiled.  Fumigate 
with  Formaldehyde  as  in  Scarlet  Fever,  carefully 
laying  bare  all  corners,  drawers  of  tables  and  dressers 
and  all  adjoining  closets. 

Just  now  sanitarians  are  debating  whether  or  not 
terminal  fumigation  is  necessary  after  measles,  scarlet 
fever  and  diphtheria;  three  or  more  boards  holding 
that  it  is  not.  We  wish  to  state  the  facts  just  as  they 
are,  uninfluenced  by  our  being  manufacturers  of 
fumigators.  However,  we  feel  justified  in  advising 
the  reader  to  act  on  the  safe  side  and  fumigate  so  long 
as  the  doctors  disagree. 

74 


Whooping  Cough.  Whooping  cough  i^  very  eon- 
iiiiiious  when  the  cough  first  begins.  By  the  time  the 
wli.top  stage  is  reached  the  disease  is  much  less  conta- 
igious.  It  ceases  to  be  contagious  long  before  the 
|\vli(H)p  stops. 

Whooping  cough  is  very  dangerous  to  suckling 
babies  and  moderately  dangerous  to  children  between 
1  aiul  3  years.  Mothers  with  very  young  children  munt 
Lu  ird  carefully  against  whooping  cough. 

The  quarantine  against  whooping  cough  is  of  five 
weeks'  duration.  During  the  first  two  weeks,  starting- 
from  the  beginning  of  the  cough,  not  the  whoop,  the 
jjick  child  may  play  in  the  house  or  yard,  but  he  must 
krcp  away  from  all  other  children.  Diring  the  next 
tlirce  weeks  he  may  go  around  the  streets,  but  he  must 
ohoy  the  following  restrictions: 

He  must  keep  out  of  the  street  cars. 
He  must  keep  away  from  school,  Sunday  school, 
church,  and  every  other  form  of  meeting. 

Children  from  a  family  in  which  there  is  whooping 
cough  mu  t  keep  away  from  school  unless  they  have 
had  whooping  cough. 

Mumps.  Persons  with  mumps  must  be  kept  in  the 
house  away  from  other  children  until  recovery  is  com- 
plete. Quarantine  lasts  two  weeks.  No  signs  are 
posted.  All  linen  should  be  boiled,  and  it  is  well  to 
jrive  the  house  a  thorough  scrubbing,  airing,  and 
sunning.  The  patient  should  bathe  thoroughly  and 
put  on  clean  clothing  before  going  back  to  school  or 
to  work. 

Chicken  Pox.  The  principal  reason  for  the  interest 
I  of  health  departments  in  chicken  pox  is  because 
suiallpox  is  sometimes  called  chicken  pox.  Chicken 
pox  in  persons  who  do  not  have  recent  typical  vaccina- 
tion scars  should  be  carefully  inquired  into.  Assum- 
ing that  the  diagnosis  of  chicken  pox  is  estabhshed, 
1  not  much  need  be  done. 

I      Children  with  the  disease  are  excluded  from  school. 
Children  from  the  family  are  also  excluded  for  at 
1  least  two  weeks  from  the  last  exposure. 

75 


Tuberculosis.     The  following— one  of  u  number  ..i 
State  regulations  of  similar  charaeter — is  quoted  fromi 
the   report   last  received  from   the   Wyoming  State 
Board  of  Health: 

"The  premises  occupied  by  tuberculosis  patientsj 
should  be  thoroughly  disinfected  when  for  any  rea.-.in| 
vacated  by  them,  and  health  oflficera  should  msi<t| 
on  a  rigid  enforcement  of  this  regulation." 

The  Montana  State  Board  of  Health  in  its  h\<\ 
biennial  report  (up  to  1915)  says:  "When  any  dwelling 
is  vacated  after  having  been  occupied  by  any  person^ 
known  to  have  been  suffering  from  tuberculosis,  sudi 
dwelling  shall  be  thoroughly  disinfected  in  the  maninr 
prescribed  by  the  State  Board  of  Health  for  all  other 
eonununicable  diseases,  except  that  the  time  the  house 
shall  remain  dosed  for  the  action  of  formaldehyde  gi« 
shall  be  eight  hours  instead  of  four." 

"SAFETY  FIRST" 

On  the  subject  of  protecting  the  public  health,  Id 
us  now  turn  from  our  far  West  to  our  extreme  East 

On  page  217  of  U.  S.  Public  Health  Bulletin  Nc 
62,    (Comtnunicablo  Diseases:    An  Analysis  of  th 
Laws  and    ilegulations   for   the   Control  thereof  i 
Force  in  the  United  States),  is  the  following  from 
court  decision  in  the  State  of  Maine: 

"No  precaution  can  be  neglected  in  disinfectinji 
"Where  the  public  health  and  human  life  is  concGni<« 
the  law  requires  the  highest  degree  of  care.     It  wHl  ii»it 
allow  of- 'experiments  to  see  if  a  less  degree  of  care  \\\\\ 
not  answer.     The  keeper  of  a  ferocious  dog  or  mad  l)ull 
is  not  allowed  to  let  them  go  at  large  to  see  whetho 
they  will  Lite  or  gore  the  neighbor's  childr(«n.     Nor  i 
the  dealer  in  nitro-glycerine  allowed,  in  the  presen* 
of  his  customers,  to  see  how  hard  a  kick  a  can  of  il| 
will  b(>ar  without  exploding.     Nor  is  the  dealer  in  gun 
powder  allowed  to  r:e  how  near  his  magazine  may  U 
located  to  a  blacksmith's  forge  without  l>eing  blow 
up.    Nor  is  one  using  a  steam-engine  allowed  to  >■• 

76 


,„\\    much   steam    hv  can   porssiMy   put   on   without 

111! -ting  the  boiler.     No  more  are  those  in  charge  of 

ii;ill-pox  patients  allowed  to  exiH-riment  to  see  how 

ittli-   cleansing  will   answer;   how   much   pap<T  spit 

|)M!i  and  betlauhed  with  small-pox  virus  it  will  do  to 

jiM'  upon  the  walla  of  the  rooms  where  tlie  patients 

,a\  •  been  confined.     The  law  will  not  tolerate  such 

kpcriments.     It  demands  the  exercise  of  all  possible 

art .     In  all  cases  of  doubt  the  safest  course  shouhl  be 

imbued,  remembering  that  it  is  infinitely  better  to 

,.  too  much  than  to  run  the  risk  of  doing  too  little. 

St;ivey  v.  Preble.  64  Me.  120.)" 

rhe  U.  S.  Public  Health  Bulletin  Number  12 
dvises  thorough  terminal  fumigation  with  forntaUU- 
lyd.'  gas  in  cases  of  communicable  diseases  generally 
-siuall-pox,  chicken  pox.  measles,  dinhtheria,  erysipelas, 

iiherculosis,  scarlet  fever,  etc. 


of  it 
t  gun- 
ay  b 
t)lo\vn 


If 


FUMIGATION 


Popular  Science  of  Fiimigatioii  and  Aerial  Di8inrectioii| 

Fumigation  is,  in  the  present  acceptation  of  tin 
word,  the  use  of  fumes  for  the  purpose  of  destroying 
disease  germs,  insects  or  vermin.  For  this  purpose 
disinfectant  gases  are  used.  While  there  are  a  con- 
siderable number  of  these,  there  are  but  two  in  com- 
mon use.    These  are: 

Formaldehyde,  the  best  aerial  germicide. 

Sulphur  dioxide,  the  most  practical  insecticide. 

The  meaning  of  the  words  germicide  and  insecticide 
is  clear  when  ^e  remember  that  in  each  case  the 
latter  part  of  the  word  "cide"  comeb  from  a  Latin  vprb 
meaning  to  kill;  hence  germicide  means  germ-killor 
and  insecticide,  ir^sect-killer. 

The  best  authority  we  know  on  disinfection  says 
"A  gas  is  the  ideal  weapon  for  destroying  such  an 
invisible  foe  as  the  infection  of  the  communicable 
diseases.***  There  is  practically  only  one  gas  suitable 
for  general  application — viz.,  formaldehyde.  This 
substance  c^^mes  nearer  being  an  ideal  disinfectant 
than  any  of  the  ga  rs  so  far  exploited.  It  is  not 
poisonous,  does  not  injure  fabrics,  colors,  metals,  or 
objects  of  art  and  value."  *** 

In  combating  the  infection  from   communicable 

.or  commonly  caJled  contagious  disf^ases  we  need  the 

most  efficient  aerial  germicide.     This  is  formaldehyde. 

To  destroy  insects  we  should  use  sulphur  dioxide 
(obtained  by  burning  sulphur).  As  ordinary  sulphur 
is  haril  to  light  thoroughly  so  that  it  will  burn  com 
pletely,  sulphur  fumigators,  supplied  with  wicks  for 
rea«ly  ignition,  afford  the  easiest  and  most  definite' 
means  of  generating  sulphur  dioxide. 

The  reader  right  here  will  wonder  why  formaldj-- 
hyde  will  not  answer  for  both  purposes.     This  feeliiml 

71 


I'( 


('( 


i ,  very  natural,  because  as  a  rule,  }?erniicides  also  act  as 
insecticides.  Formaldehyde  is  an  exception  to  this 
I  lie,  and  yet  is  so  very  far  superior  to  other  aerial  dis- 
infectants for  germicidal  purposes  that  it  practically 
-lands  alone  in  this  field. 

Another  natural  question  is:  Why  will  not  sulphur 
luswer  for  lH)th  purposes,  killing  disease  germs  as  well 
■H  insects?  Well,  it  will  if  enough  of  it  is  used  m  an 
Mtmosphere  sufficiently  moist.  But,  as  will  be  ex- 
plained farther  on,  the  fumes  of  burning  sulphur,  under 
onditions  which  make  ihem  efficiently  germicidal,  are 
iiiurious  to  fabrics,  household  furnishings,  etc.  These 
onditions  are  not  necessary  when  sulphur  is  useci 
merely  as  an  insecticide. 

There  is  still  another  very  natural  query:  Why 
not  generate  formaldehyde  gas  and  sulphur  dioxide 
together  and  get  their  combined  effect,  thus  destroying 
both  disease  germs  and  insects  at  the  same  time. 
We  tried  this  and  found  it  unsatisfactory.  The  two 
nases  instead  of  acting  as  synergists,  hindei'ed  rather 
than  helped  each  other. 

The  right  way  is  to  use  formaldehyde  by  itself  in 
niaist,  warm  air  for  killing  disease  germs,  and  sulphur 
by  itself  in  dry  air  for  killing  insects. 

In  the  B  &  B  Formaldehyde  and  Sulphur  Fumiga- 
tors  we  have  aimed  to  supply  the  best  fumigating 
agents  in  the  most  convenient  form. 

Description  of  the  fumigators  and  full  directions 
for  their  use  follow: 
B  &  B  Formaldehyde  Fumigator 

The  objects  to  be  accomplished  by  a  formaldehyde 
fumigator  are: 
Pj>g^_To  lilierate  sufficient  formaldehyde  gas  readily 

and  in  good  volume. 
Seamd— To    insure    against    the    gas    catching    fire. 
Burning  destroys  the  efficiency  of  formaldehyde. 

ff^^rfi—.^o  supply  moioture  so  that  there  will  be  a 
coincident  generation  ot  formaldehyde  gas  and 
steam. 

TO 


Wr^.^^^m'^    %:.»r  ' 


B  &  B  Fonnaldehyde  Fuinigator 


■  'Vr- 


i^y  - 


Hortiorml  Diagram 

A -Holidifiefl  Formaldehyde.     B — Paraffin  Heal. 

D-  ^Spnce  HdniittinK  heat  to  bottom  and  Hides  of  FormaKlohyde 

( 'up. 
E— Wick.    F— Regulat^'a  Flame.     G— Paruffm  of  Ump. 

80 


t',  urth — The  preservation  of  aw  soliditieil  foriimUlf- 
hyde  in  a  moist  stat(>  so  na  to  insure  greater 
efficiency  of  the  gas  when  generated. 

The  upper  figure  on  page  80  represents  tiic  fumi- 
jjiiior  in  use;  the  lower  cut  is  a  cross  section  showing 
Kiastruction- 

Directions  for   Using  the  Formaldehyde  Fumigator 

I.ift  the  cap  which  constitutes  the  lamp  and  phice 
on  ()p{X)sit<'  end  of  the  fumigator.  It  is  best  to  remove 
tlif  paraffin  seal  (tinted  blue  to  make  it  distinct) 
from  over  the  formaldehyde  by  running  a  penknife 
iiKtund  the  edge;  but  this  is  not  really  necessary.  If 
left  in  place  ther(»  will  be  con-siderablc  residue  of  paraffin 
n  inaining  after  all  the  formaldehyde  has  \)vvn  driven 
oil.  The  lamp  may  be  Hghted  Iwfore  placing  on  bot- 
tom of  fumigator,  or  afterward  by  holding  at  an  angle. 
Phice  the  fumigator  in  a  shallow  tin  or  saucer  coutain- 
iim  enough  water  to  rise  to  the  raised  line  or  bead— 
never  enough  to  overflow  into  the  paraffin  of  the  lamp. 
\tTy  cold  water  in  a  large  dish  may  retard  action  f)f 
';iiii[).  Add  a  little  water  to  the  upper  cuf) — one- 
)ilf  tablespoonful  for  the  small  size,  <me  for  the 
iiii'dium  and  two  tablespcKmfuls  (1  ounce)  for  the  large 
>i/.«'.  Leave  the  room  tightly  sealed  for  at  lettst  five 
loiirs — better  twelve. 

No  watM*  need  be  added  to  the  formaldehyde  if 

I  lie  air  is  warm  and  moist,  as  it  always  should  l)e  for 

K'st  results.    There  is  already  water  combined  with 

the  formaldehyde  to  provide  for  st<'am  being  generated 

with  the  gas.     We  advi.se  sprinkling  the  floor  thor- 

I Highly  and  heating  the  room  as  well  a.s  practicable. 

If  at  l)est  the  air  is  too  dry  and  water  is  added,  avoid 

tn  excess  over  amount  dire<'ted  for  a  given  size.     If 

lip  is  filled  too  full,  it  may  boil  over  and  extinguish 

he  flame. 

reparing  the  Room  for  Formaldehyde 

Cracks  around  windows,  doors,  flues,  etc.,  should 
'  made  as  tight  as  practical.  Drawers,  boxes,  books. 
c,   should   be  opened,   and    btnldiug  and   clothing 

81 


spn'ad  out  or  hung  up  so  as  to  expose  everything  ia 
fully  BA  possible  to  the  disinfecting  gas.  The  tempera, 
ture  of  the  room  should  be  70"  F.  or  above,  and  the  iir 
moist— never  less  than  50  per  cent  saturation,  and 
better  much  more  humid.  If  possible,  boil  water  m 
the  room  to  make  the  air  moist  and  in  all  cases  sprinkle 
the  floor  well  with  water. 

Amount  of  Formaldehyde  to  Be  Used 

The  margin  of  safety  is  important  m  such  work 
as  fumigating  after  contagious  diseases.  True  econon  ly 
demands  efficiency.  Where  human  life  is  at  stake  not  h- 
ing  is  economical  which  does  not  insure  the  maximum 
of  security.  The  proportion  of  solidified  formaldehyde 
(on  the  basis  of  dry  formaldehyde  content)  v/hich  h;is 
commonly  been  employed,  is  one  ounce  per  thousand 
cubic  feet  of  air  space.  The  United  States  Public 
Healvh  and  Marine  Hospital  Service  recommends  that 
not  less  than  two  ounces  be  used  for  the  space  men- 
tioned. We  accept  this  standard  and  advise  its  adop- 
tion. Any  comparison  of  price  should  be  based  on  net 
formaldehyde  content  and  provisions  for  enhancing 
its  efficiency. 


Ij&tkp  Square  Fumigator. 


Large  Round  Fumigator. 


H^ections  for  Using  B  &  B  Sulphur  Fumigators 

tor  Insects.  We  take  up  the  use  of  sulphur  as  in 
inaecrticide  first,  because  sulphur  dioxide  from  burnini; 
sulphur  is  the  best  aerial  insecticide  there  is,  and 
because  formaldehyde  is  far  preferable  if  the  objtct 
is  to  kill  disease  germs. 

82 


;'Ct 


The  advantage  of  usinK  a  gu<xl  sulphur  fuiniKator, 
instead  of  ordinary  bulk  sulphur  lies  in  the  fact  that 
it  is  very  difficult  to  ignite  either  powdered  sulphur 
or  lump  brimstone.  The  fumigator  is  the  convenient, 
safe  and  definite  way  in  which  to  use  sulphur  for 
fumigation. 

To  kill  insects,  have  the  air  of  the  room  am  dry  as 
practicable,  seal  the  room  aa  tightly  iis  possible  and 
place  the  fumigator  in  an  old  pan  resting  on  bricks 
or  any  fire-proof  support.  The  B  &  B  Hound  Sulphur 
Fumigator  weighing  one  pound  affords  a  convenient 
unit  for  apportioning  quantity  to  space.  According  to 
the  best  authority,  "as  an  insecticide  sulphur  does  not 
require  the  presence  of  moisture;  since  it  acts  equally 
well  in  a  dry  as  in  a  moist  atmosphere  the  less  injury 
there  will  l)e  to  furnishings,  colors,  etc." 

A  one-pound  Sulphur  Fumigator  to  1000  cubic 
feet — say  a  room  about  10  x  12  feet  and  of  average 
height,  according  to  U.  S.  Public  Health  Bulletin  No. 
42,  "kills  flies  and  mosquitoes  withui  two  hours;  and 
if  the  atmosphere  is  reasonably  dry,  very  little  injury 
will  be  done  to  the  ordinary  room  furnishings."  Two 
one-pound  fumigators  should  kill  rats  within  four 
hours  and  five  pounds  should  destroy  bed-bugs, 
roaches,  lice,  etc.,  within  six  hours. 

For  Disease  Gerins.  This  is  another  story.  When 
sulphur  is  used  as  a  germicide,  five  pounds  should  be 
employed  for  each  1000  cubic  feet.  Unless  the  air  is 
naturally  moist  it  should  be  made  so  by  causing  water 
to  evaporate  in  the  room,  by  sprinkling  or  spraying  it 
about,  or,  if  convenient,  causing  it  to  "boil  away." 
About  three  ounces  of  water  should  be  evaporated  for 
each  pound  of  sulphur  burned.  Metal  fixtures  may  well 
be  given  a  tin  coat  of  vaseline,  and  delicately  colored 
fabrics  removed  from  the  room.  The  injurious  effect 
of  sulphur,  burned  in  a  tttoid  atmosphcri,  on  room 
furnishings  in  itself  is  sufficient  argument  for  using 
formaldehyde  where  the  purpose  is  to  kill  disease 
germs — Formaldehyde  has  no  injurious  effect  tm  rootn 
furnishings,  etc.,  whatever. 

83 


The  Cost  and  the  Result 

"What's  worth  doing  at  all  is  won'i  doinK  well." 
riiis  old  saying  applies  with  [x'rhaps  inon>  force  to 
fumigation  after  eonnnunieahle  diseases  than  to  any- 
t  lung  else.  The  expense  of  proper  medical  care  antl  the 
<lis((.mforts  of  (lunrantine  are  taken  as  a  matter  of 
(•«.urse.  Hut,  when  it  conies  to  making  the  rooms 
which  the  patient  has  occupied  safe  for  others  to  use, 
so  many  •  "opie  have  resorted  to  such  cheap  and  in- 
efficient ineans  of  aerial  disinfection  that  in  som<' 
((uarters  fumigation  has  heen  unjustly  discredited. 
It  pays  to  take  no  chances  in  matters  of  this  kind. 
r!>e  cost  of  proper  fumigation  on  the  moMt  liberal 
scale  is  l)Ut  a  trifle  compared  with  other  expenses  eon- 
n«'<ted  with  a  case  of  contagior«  disease,  and  which 
may  he  made  necessary  agair  r  the  room  remains 
inf«'cted. 

Bear  in  mind:  Plenty  of  formaldehyde  volatilized 
(never  burned)  in  warm  moist  air  is  the  thing  for 
killing  disease  germs,  and  plenty  of  sulphur  Wurned 
in  dry  air  is  the  proper  thing  for  destroying  insects. 
Do  not  undertake  to  use  the  two  at  the  same  time. 
"One  thing  at  a  time  and  that  done  tocIV  expresses 
the  correct  idea  of  how  to  rid  a  room  of  microbes  and 
insects  with  minitnum  effect  on  household  furnishings. 

If  only  tlisease  germs  are  to  be  destroyed,  then  onl\' 
fori:uildehyde  is  necessary  and  there  will  be  no  injur>- 
whatever  to  any  objects  in  the  room,  plants  and  pets 
having  been  removtni. 

To  determine  the  effect  of  full  formaldehyde  fumi- 
giition  on  house  plants,  we  sul)jected  a  variety  of  them 
to  an  all-night  fumigation  in  which  three  ounces  of 
solidifieil  formaldehyde  were  volatilized  in  1500  cubic 
feet  of  air  space. 

Five  out  of  twenty  appear  to  have  8urvive<l  for- 
maldehyde. As  seventy-five  por  cent  were  either 
seriously  injured  or  destroyed,  we  advise  removinu 
plants  when  funiigating  with  formaldehyde,  as  ha- 
always  be«'n  the  cust(»m  in  sulphur  fumigation. 

si 


*»s>. 


iH 


Amby  Pastils. 


DEODORIZING  DE  LUXE 


Up  to  this  point  we  have  discussed  funugation  m 
the  senso  of  true  gi..-,cous  disiafeetion.  But  efficient 
ilisiiifection  cannot  !><•  accomplished  while  th«  room  is 
occupied.  We  can  only  partially  purify  the  atmosphen' 
and  made  il   nore  aRreeahle  for  patient  and  attendants. 

I.(et  us  now  consider  fumigation  in  its  primitive  or 
•  tymoloKieal  meaning.  The  word  is  derived  from  the 
Launfitmiyan,  literally  to  fume  or  smoke.  Using  the 
prefix  per,  signifying  through,  we  have  our  word 
pcrfmne  and  a  more  agreeable  subject. 

The  odors  of  (>ri«'ntal  gums,  lendinj^  the  hygieni"- 
(luality  to  jicrfumi  s  of  a  refreshing  and  Hgrcea!)le  kind, 
suggest  tiiemselves,  and  we  have  sought  to  actualize 
the  i«lea  in  ARABY  PASTILS  in  so  far  a.s  consistent 
with  the  "?^»-t  efficient  action.  But  this  purifying 
effect,  in  1h.-  nitturo  of  tn''.irs,  can  only  he  partial,  and 
iimst  not  he  iv'liel  hjxju  Un  real  disinfection. 


Ix^en  ili  V  III 


Foil 


h(>n  the  :tvMn  is  >'nate«t  by  a  jx^rson  who  has 
i'Oinmonical)le  diseases,  B  tt  B 
'UMi^  AT(  )HS— true  disinfec- 


.DFflYD^ 


,r« — whtMrl'i  he  "m{:'  »v-;'d. 


85 


ic^ 


How  to  Break  a  Vivo  UoU  when  ncocl.Ml. 


M 


VIVO   ROLLS 

In  cases  of  shock,  fainting,  clrowninR  and  uncon- 
j^iiousness  fr'^m  other  causes,  it  is  often  h<'lpful  to  hold 
«inolling  salts  or  aromatic  ammonia  near  the  nostrils 
of  the  patient. 

Th('>o  uromaiics,  however,  where  contanied  in 
hottUvs  lose  strrngth  so  rapidly  that  often  they  are 
vaJi«'l<'«s  when  most  needed. 

Vivo  rolls,  on  the  other  hand,  never  lose  strength. 
Each  roll  is  a  lu'rmctically  sotilnd  glass  capsule  wrapped 
with  absorbent  material.  At  the  center  it  is  scored  to 
break  readily. 

When  broken,  the  liquid  diffuses  into  the  gauze 
covering  of  the  roll.  Simply  hold  the  roll  carefully  near 
the  natient's  nostrils. 

t 

86 


iHfe 


^5i^?*fT^:■ 


Iodine  Swab^Actual  Size. 


Breaking  Up.  Applying. 

B  &  B  IODINE  SWABS 

Tincture  of  Iodine  has  come  to  be  recognized  by 
uthorities  Kt'nerally  as  an  unequalled  antiseptic  for 
vtcrnal  application  m  first-aid  work.  It  should  be 
pplied  to  all  wounds  and  abrasions— all  oasis  of  broken 
:in.    And  the  sooner  it  can  be  applied  the  better. 

In  B  &  B  Iodine  Swabs  we  offer  this  antiseptic 

ideal  form.  Tbi  swab  is  a  strong  glass  tube  com- 
■tely  enclosed  in  a  gauze  covering  of  many  thick- 
•  <^os  At  one  '  lui  this  gauze  is  gathered  to  form  a 
rush  inside  of  which  the  glas.s  tu!)0  has  been  drawn 
I)  a  point  so  it  is  easy  to  break  With  the  fingers. 

To  treat  a  wound  with  the  B  <4  B  Iodine  Swab, 
imply  break  off  tip  of  the  tube  inside  the  gauze  brush 
ihich  ?s  then  used  to  paint  the  wouml  and  surroundmg 
kin. 

This  method  is  far  sujiarior  to  attempting  to  keep 
xline  in  a  bottle.  The  liquid  rapidly  attacks  the  cork 
II.  I  quickly  evaporates.  It  also  tends  to  deteriorate 
irough  the  formation  of  hydrifjdic  acid  from  exposure 

the  air  This  acid  is  a  source  of  irritation.  B  &  *i 
«lin(?  Swabs  avoid  this  l^ecause  hermetically  sealed. 

87 


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I'!'  ™ 


Martin's  Maternity  Packet. 

PREPARATIONS  FOR  CONFINEMENT 

In  making  preparations  for  baby's  arrival,  doctd 
and  nurse  are  to  be  consulted— for  the  articles  tlia 
they  will  need  must  be  in  readiness.  Of  first  import 
ance  are  aseptic  dressings.  They  prevent  infection  am 
are  savers  of  hfe  and  health.  ' 

^     Physicians  do  not  all  desire  exactly  the  same  dro 
ings  in  confinement  cases,  but  all  agree  on  a  few 
essentials  ^/hich  will  always  be  needed. 

For  convenience  in  buj-ing,  these  most  necessan 
dressings  have  been  selected  and  put  up  in  a  compa.i 
box  called  *'Martm's  Maternity  Packet,"  which  drug, 
psts  can  suppl3^  Everything  is  prepared  in  our  asepti( 
laboratories.    Each  packet  contains: 

Obstetric  Sheet— to  protect  the  bedding 
Handy  Package  Absorbent  Cotton,  one  pound 
—tor  pads  and  compresses,  to  absorb  discharg«N 
and  for  making  cushions  under  patient. 

Plain  Gauze,  two  yards— for  packing,   band- 
aging and  absorbing  discharges. 

Aseptic  Umbilical  Tape— for  tying  cord 
Muslm  Binder— for  mother. 
Flannel  Binders,  two— for  infant. 
Aseptic  Lint  Squares,  one  dozen— for  washing 
infant  s  eyes.  ^ 

Castile  Soap— Pure,  Imported.  Aseptic  Sponge. 
Carbolated  Petrolatum— in  collapsible  tube,  for 
lubrication. 

Talcum  Powder— to  prevent  chafing,  use  after 
bathing  the  baby. 

Chamois— for  applying  powder. 
Safety  Pins,  one  paper  each— large  and  .small. 

88 


-wa-^js^lirt^f^' 


TO  PROTECT  VACCINA  HON  SORES, 
BOILS  AND  CARBUNCLES 

Nothing  is  more  detrimental  to  the  rapid  healing 
of  a  vaccination,  a  sore,  a  boil,  a  carbuncle,  an  inflam- 
mation, than  constant  irritation. 

It  is  natural  that  a  sore  of  this  nature  must  be  kept 
j)erfectly  clean  and  free  from  foreign  matter,  and  at 
the  same  time  be  protected  from  the  rubbing  of  the 
clothing. 

Good's  Celluloid  Vaccination  Shield  represents  the 
practical  working  out  of  a  good  idea.  The  ordinary 
bandage  does  not  afford  the  protection  necessary 
for  a  vaccination  sore,  boil,  carbuncle  or  similar 
tender  affliction.  Healing  is  retarded  by  the  irritation 
caused  either  by  the  bandage  itself  or  the  rubbing  of 
the  clothing  against  the  bandage. 

When  Good's  Vaccination  Shield  is  worn  the  sore 
is  amply  protected  while  left  entirely  free  from  con- 
tact. It  holds  the  clothing  away  from  the  sore;  is 
comfortable,  and  insures  perfect  cleanliness  and  free- 
dom from  foreign  matter.  The  Good  Shield  is  trans- 
parent, so  it  is  unnecessary  to  remove  it  to  examine 
the  progress  of  the  so  e.  It  is  perforated,  too,  per- 
mitting the  free  circulation  of  air  and  preventing  the 
feverish  sensation  which  comes  from  close  bandaging. 

The  adhesive  piaster  that  encircles  the  celluloid 
shield  and  holds  it  in  place,  will  conform  to  the  shape 
of  the  muscles  and  the  swelling  or  inflammation  of  the 
sore  without  pulling  or  irritating  the  skin.  s 

Good's  Vaccination  Shields  are  sold  by  drug  stores. 

80 


1* 


Absorbent  Cotton — ^Test  it  yourself. 


ABSORBENT  COTTON 


Absorbent  Cotton,  often  called  "medicated  cotton." 
"antiseptic  cotton/'  etc.,  differs  from  ordinary  cotton 
batting  not  only  because  it  is  made  from  a  better  grade 
of  raw  cotton  fibre,  but  also  because  it  is  sterilized  and 
in  addition  treated  in  such  a  manner  that  it  readily 
takes  up  or  absorbs  liquids — something  that  ordinary 
cotton  will  not  do.  Well  bleached  cotton  batting  may 
appear  to  be  just  the  same  as  the  Absorbent  Cotton 
that  the  druggist  sells  but  you  can  tell  one  from  the 
other  instantly  by  simply  dropping  a  bit  of  cotton  in 
water.  The  Absorbent  Cotton  will  sink  quickly  to  the 
bottom,  while  cotton  batting  will  float  indefinitely. 

Absorbent  Cotton  is  the  only  sort  that  is  fit  for 
use  on  wounds,  and  doctors  are  careful  to  select  only 
the  best,  such  as  B  &  B  Absorbent  Cotton,  put  up  in 
sealed  germ  proof  cartons. 

90 


Open  Closed 

The  B  &  B  Handy  Packuge  opens  on  the  side. 

HOME  USES 

While  Absorbent  Cotton  is  generally  thought  of 
-t  of  all  as  a  dressing  for  wounds,  it  has  scores  of 
(line  uses,   and  people  who  know  these  are  never 
ithout  it. 

training  Jellies,  Clear  Soups,  Home  Made  Wines,  Etc. 

Absorbent  Cotton  is  the  best  possible  filter  to  re- 
love  sediment  or  cloudiness  of  any  kind  from  liquids. 


Splitting  layer  of  Absorbent  Cotton  for  straining  liquids. 

91 


li-,-  • 


The  easiest  and  (juickest  way  is  to  place  the  cottd 
between  two  squares  of  gauze  (cheese  cloth  will  do 
It  IS  not  necessary  to  use  the  full  thickness  of  a  hiy. 
of  cotton  as  it  comes  from  the  package  but  one  of  tli(H 
layers  can  be  split  (see  cut  . 

An  unbroken  layer  of  cotton,  bet' veen  gauze,  shouk 
cover  the  entire  top  of  the  funnel  so  that  there  will  K 
no  spots  without  cotton  to  allow  liquid  to  pass  throiijil 
unfiltered.  ^ 


l\ 


Corking  Milk  Bottles.    A  piece  of  cotton  used  as 
cork  absolutely  keeps  out  dust,  germs  and  mold  spor* 
It  should  always  be  used  to  protect  baby's  milk.     Th 
same  applies  to  opened  bottles  of  sjrup,  cider  or  jar 
of  jellj',  etc.— anything  in  fact  that  develops  moli 
when  allowed  to  stand  exposed  to  the  air. 

Straining  Baby's  Milk.  Use  the  same  method,  (( .t 
ton  between  gauze,  as  described  for  jellies,  etc.  Thi 
cotton  removes  dust,  germs  and  all  sediment.  Up-to 
date  dairies  all  strain  milk  in  this  way.  Tops  of  mill 
pails  are  covered  with  cotton  and  gauze,  so  the  mill 
is  filtered  during  milking. 

Baby's  Toilet.  Nothing  is  better  for  spongini" 
baby's  delicate  skin  than  a  piece  of  soft  absorben 
cotton.  Use  it  also  for  bathing  eyes  and  apply!  n| 
soothing  lotions. 


(•( 


Cotton  between  gauze  for  strain- 
ing jellies,  soups,  milk,  CtO. 

92 


Absorbent  Cotton  keep  '' 
germs  and  dust  out 
of  milk. 


ra 
I" 


cot  1 01 

ill  (lu 
a  hiv( 


shoii! 
will  1, 
hroiiKl 

3d  as ; 


» 

■itearT^'"'"""*'^ 

m^ 

Absorbent  Cotton  Swiiba  for  baby's  toilet. 


To  wash  an  infant's  mouth,  ears  and  nose,  the  nurse 
^P<^^',*,'#ik('s   small   swabs   by   twisting  bits  of  absorbent 
tton  on  the  ends  of  large  tooth  picks  (see  cut). 


or  jar 

1  m«)l( 

d,  cot 
,  Tk 
Up-to 
)f  mill 
e  ni 


After  bathing,  a  small  square  of  absorbent  cotton 
ikes  a  better  powder  puff  than  one  of  down  or  wool. 
)r  the  cotton  is  used  but  once,  then  thrown  away. 
1(1  fresh  cotton  is  sure  to  be  absolutely  clean  and 
in-irritating. 


On  the  Dressinji  Table.  Small  squares  cut  from 
sheet  of  absorbent  cotton  are  now  used  for  applying 
e  powder;  as  well  as  liquids  and  creams.  At  recep- 
3^„ijjl)iis  and  teas  a  pile  of  these  individual  cotton  squares 
or  ben  ^  ^^^  dressing  table  is  a  toilet  refinement  appreciate<l 
plyinf '  ^'very  guest. 

Applying    Salves    and    Ointments.    In    treating 
uunds,  sores,  burns,  etc.,  a  soft  covering  like  absorb- 
iit  cotton  is  soothing.     And  better  than  anything  else 
absorbs  any  discharge. 

Covering  Poultices.  As  a  heat-retainer  tha  value 
f  Vbsorbent  Cotto^'  is  considerable,  and  it  is  recom- 
icuded  as  a  covering  for  poultices  and  other  hot 
ressings. 

Washing   Pi^intings.     Pure  soap   and   warm   soft 

ater  are  best  for  cleaning  and  brightening  oil  paint- 

rijis.    But  absorbent  cotton,  rather  than  a  cloth  or 

ponge,   should  be  used   to   prevent  any  chance  of 

1  kecpf' '•'t^^i'^K  or  injury  to  the  finish  of  the  picture. 


.^^•■^gJyiJ! 


Absorbing  Perspiration.  Use  absorbent  cotton  t 
get  quick  relief  from  the  unpleasar  ess  of  too  nuu 
perspiration.  The  feet  for  examf  Often  persj.in 
tion  causes  the  skin  under  the  tor  .^o  crack  and  the 
cracks  become  painful.  A  long  narrow  strip  of  abs«  ,r 
ent  cotton  woven  back  and  forth  between  the  toes  w 
end  the  trouble. 


The  B  &  B  Handy  Package.    Cut  off  what  you  want  withon 

touching  the  rest. 


^ 


Mother's  Mustard  Hasten 
in  Envelope. 

MUSTARD  PLASTERS  AS  AN  EXTERNAL 
STIMULANT 


It  is  har  iv 
enumerate  t: 
has  been  familu 


'      3sary  to  describe  the  value  or 
of  mustard  plasters,  as  everyone 
With  them  from  childhood. 


For  years  mustard  plasters  have  been  considered 
the  very  best  of  household  emergency  remedies. 

The  whole  value  of  a  mustard  plaster  lies  in  the 
fact  that  it  is  a  powerful  counter-irritant. 

Counter-irritation  means  the  production  of  an  arti- 
ficial irritation  in  an  unaffected  part  of  the  body,  to 
draw  pain  from  an  affected  part. 

Mustard  Plasters  produce  "counter-irritation"  by 
drawing  the  congested  blood,  which  produces  the  m- 
flammation  at  the  affected  part,  to  an  unaffected  part 
where  the  mustard  plaster  is  applied,  thereljy  relieving 
pain  at  the  diseased  part. 

Muftard  Plasters  should  be  so  placed  as  to  best 
draw  congested  blood  from  the  inflamed  part. 

Mother's  Mustard  Plasters  and  B  &  B  Mustard 
Plasters  overcome  all  objections  to  the  old  time 
home-made  mustard  p.itster.  They  come  prepared 
ready  for  instant  use,  they  are  of  absolutely  uniform 
strength,  and  they  never  spoil  if  kept  in  a  dry  place. 

d3 


In  hrain  con^eHtion,  concussion,  paralysis,  delirium 
narco  Ksm,    headache,    apoplexy,    stupor,    apply   fr 
quently  on  the  arms,  calves  of  legs  and  the  abdome.,. 

In  .sleeplessness    mania,  hysteria,  epilepsy,  appl-. 
to  legs  and  soles  of  feet.  '    f    t^J>  "Ft". 

In  affections  of  the  chest,  colds  and  bronchitis 
whooping  cough  coughs,  asthm,*,  congestion,  apph^ 
to  pit  of  stomach,  legs  and  feet.  ^^^ 

In  vomiting  spasm,  nausea,  pains,  sea  sickness 
apply  over  stomach,  just  below  br^t  bone. 

In  abdominal  troubles,  spasms,  cholera  morbus 
dysentery,  peritonitis,  painter's  colic,  pain  in  liver' 
colic  pains,  diarrhea,  cholera,  use  frequently  on  arms; 
and  legs  and  abdomen.  ' 


snnlJ^n       11    *  *r  i^P^'^  *^®  "^"«*»^^  r>l8ster,  first 
soak  in  (Old   or  lukewarm  water  for  two  minutes 
Then  apply  the  mustard  side  next  to  the  skin. 

inn^Jf  *''''k  ?^^*^''.'  '^^"^?  ^^^  be  allowed  to  remain 

five  or  ten  mmutos'  application  of  a  mustard  plaster 
will  proc  uce  a  brigV  ,  red  patch.    That  is  sufficient 
Remove  the  plaster  and  apply  another  at  another  spot 
If  necessary     I^eyer  allow  a  mustard  plaster  tocemain 
on  longer  than  tiiirty  minutes 

When  the  red  spot  is  formed  it  will  probably  burn 
for  some  minutes  after  the  plaster  is  removed 

To  stop  burning,  use  full  strength  grain  alcohol 


96 


Belladonna  Plastere  in  Box- 


MEDICATED  PLASTERS 

Medicated  plasters  or  porous  plasters  arc  deservedly 
popular.  Often  they  bring  quick  relief  from  aches  und 
pains.  There  are  nearly  a  score  of  different  medica- 
tions, some  of  them  that  should  be  used  only  under  a 
physician's  advice  and  others  that  may  be  applied  with 
benefit  by  anyone. 

The  more  widely  used  plasters  are  mentioned  below, 
together  with  notes  on  thair  application. 

BeUadonna  Plasters.  These  are  more  generally 
used  th^n  any  other  plasters:  probably  more  than  al" 
( ther  medications  combined. 

The  proper-ties  of  Belladonna  PI  uster  are  anod\Tifc 
and  anti-spasmodic,  the  action  is  mild  and  a  belladonna 
plaster  may  be  worn  for  a  considerable  period. 


Kind's  Kidney  Plaster. 
07 


i 
f 


Rex  Porous  Plaster 

r.iT^'n[!'''f?r  '*'  "';;^"'  '"•  ^^''"^*"  Bronchitis,  Coughs, 
Colds,  Chest  Pains,  Cr.^mps,  Hiccough,  etc. 

Rex.  Rex  Poroi.s  Piasters  are  made  according  to 
an  exc h.'sive  Bauer  &  Blark  formula.  Rex  is  what 
might  he  called  an  all-round  piaster,  excellent  In  any 
case  where  a  plaster  is  helpful.  R<.x  is  a  superior  plaster 
for  Hoarseness  Difficult  Breathing,  Cold  on  the  C^hest, 
Coughs,  Lame  bore  Muscles,  Sprains,  Strains,  etc. 

Belladonna  and  Capsicum.    A  very  popular  plaster, 
comhmmg  the  anodyne  effect  of  belladonna  with  the 
warming  and  counter-irritant  properties  of  capsicum. 
Lseful    m    Coug^is,    Colds,    Hoarseness,    Lumbago 
Lameness,  Sore  Muscles,  Stiff  Joints,  etc.  ' 

Kidney.     Heavily  spread  on  canton  flannel  and 
shaped  to  fit  the  ^  ack.     Kidney  plasters  wiThthe^r 

Lame  BU":?e^       '^''''  ^^''  '^'^'  -  ^-^-^e. 


98 


Pleurisy.  Struppiiig  die  clu'st  witli  pliuster  id 
F'^'ognized  treatment  for  pleurisy,  and  the  B  & 
I'lcurisy  Phister  spread  on  heavy  red  felt  is  shajH,! 
(-Ijeciaily  for  this  and  contains  soothing,  warniinK 
iiinredients  that  relieve  pain.  A  largj  part  of  the 
heneiit  from  a  plaster,  in  treatinjr  ?)leur  sy,  is  to  keep 
the  ribs  from  moving.  A  pleur  sy  blaster  should 
iherefo're  be  applied  with  some  tensi<.ii  instead  of  being 
merely  laid  on. 

Strengthening.  Where  a  luechanical  support  i?< 
icquircil  for  lame  back,  weak  muscles,  etc.  this  is  an 
t  xcellent  plaster.  But  as  it  is  not  a  medicinal  plaster, 
no  eflect  other  than  support,  massage  and  protection 
of  the  part  is  to  be  looked  for.  I  se  strengthening 
plasters  for  Injuries  to  Ligaments  and  Tendons, 
Sprains,  Chronic  Lameness,  Weak  Back,  etc. 

The  benefits  from  medicated  plasters  in  general 
are  c(msiderable.  They  sui>port  the  muscles  over  wl  '<li 
they  are  applied  and  at  the  same  time  giv«  an  ad«''  d 
relief  from  local  pain  through  the  action  »  "  he  drug-i 
that  they  contain. 

How  to  Apply  a  Plaster.  See  that  the  skin  is  thor- 
oughly clean  and  dry.  Bend  the  body  or  limb  in  such 
a  way  as  to  gently  stretch  the  skin,  and,  while  the 
part  is  in  this  position,  apply  the  plaster,  just  as  it  is 
without  heat  or  moisture,  rubbing  down  to  insure 
perfect  contact. 

How  to  Remove  a  Plaster.    To  remove  any  plaster, 

the  be^i  and  most  pleasant  method  is  to  loosen  an  u  ^per 
corner  and  drip  alcohol  between  the  plaster  and  the 
skin.    No  pulling  whatever  is  necessary. 


99 


■.li 


:-i 


fieala 

Liquid 
Court 
Plaster 


VViTfHlWJl 


Sinail  Bottle 


Large  Bottle  Collapsible  Tiibn 


HEALAL 

Liquid  Court  Plaster 

Healal  is  a  perfected,  antiseptic,  liquid  court 
piaster.  It  is  tlioroughly  waterproof  and  on  this 
account  is  useful  in  many  cases  where  anv  other  pro- 
tection would  be  useless.  Being  trarsparent  and  c-olor- 
le^^s  It  iG  practically  invisible  when  applieil. 

Unusual  flexibility  makes  IleaJal  adhere  firmly 
without  cracking,  loosening  or  peeling. 

For  cuts,  slight  burns,  bruises,  chaps  and  small 
abrasions  of  the  skin,  Healal  gives  proper  protection 
from  air  and  germs 

Healal  Styptic  Strips.  With  Healal  bottles,  both 
large  and  small  sizes  styptic  strips  are  included  The 
purpose  of  these  is  to  check  bleeding.  One  of  these 
strips  pressed  en  a  cut  will  quickly  stop  the  flow  of 
blood  so  that  Healal  can  be  applied  without  delav 

Healal  Liq.iid  (\nu-t  Piaster  can  l)o  bougiit  at  <lruK 
stores  everywher*'. 


Jup  Tooth  Silk  IS 
Metal  Box. 


Dental  Floss — in  Bottle. 


TAKING  CARE  OF  THE  TEETH 

Ciriiu  teeth  never  decay. 

Tooth  decay  has  its  start  in  a  very  small  way. 

A  tiny  morsel  of  food  may  lodge  between  the  teeth 
nnd  soon  the  germ  action  that  ensues  destroys  thn 
i  name)  on  the  tooth  and  decay  sets  in. 

Eternal  vigilance  against  the  lodgment  of  these 
lood  morsels  is  the  only  way  to  prevent  decay.  And 
tlie  best  way  to  prevent  these  food  lodgments  is  not 
l>y  means  of  toutli  picks,  etc. 

Picking  one's  teetii  after  meals  with  a  tooth  pick 
is  not  only  unseemly  and  bad  form,  but  it  is  really 

not  effective- 

Often  small  portions  of  food  remain  and  cause  the 

trouble. 

The  best  way  to  remove  these  food  portions  from 
between  the  teeth  is  by  means  of  Dental  Flos.s. 

Jap  Tooth  Silk  is  made  of  silk  of  the  very  best 
(luality — strong  and  aseptic. 

It  is  put  up  in  a  neat  container  absolutely  dust 
l)r(K)f,  each  container  holding  ten  yards  of  silk.  This 
container  can  be  carried  conveniently  in  the  vest 
j)ocket  or  in  a  lady's  purse. 

I'A'en  the  thorough  use  of  a  tooth  brush  will  not 
cleanse  th(>  crevices  between  the  teeth  that  are  so  easily 
i-eached  with  Jap  Tooth  Silk. 

To  have  and  keep  perfect  teeth,  use  both  tooth 
i.riish  and  Dmial  Floss  every  day;  occasion.ally  or 
•'when  I  think  of  it"  will  not  do;  persistent,  regular 
•are  of  the  teeth  is  essential. 

101 


[j^wi 


Ford's  Menthol  Inhaler. 

TO  REUEVE  COLD  IN  THE  HEAD 

Medicated  vapor,  especially  when  the  principal 
ingredient  is  menthol,  is  of  great  value  in  the  relief 
of  certain  throat  and  head  affections  and  in  the  treat- 
ment of  headaches  and  neuralgia. 

For  the  relief  of  distressing  colds,  catarrh,  hoarse- 
ness, etc.,  the  use  of  a  good  menthol  inhaler  can  be 
recommended.  It  may  be  used  freely  in  connection 
with  any  other  treatments  and  is  always  helpful. 

Ford's  Menthol  Inhaler  is  perhaps  the  best  and 
most  convenient.  It  is  a  finely  firjshed  aluminum  tube 
with  perforated  round  ends  which  permit  free  passage 
of  air  through  the  menthol.  A  tight  fitting  cap  of  the 
same  metal  covers  each  end  when  not  in  use— pre- 
serving the  full  strength  indefinitely. 

Ford's  Menthol  Inhalers  are  small,  light  arid  attrac- 
tive looking.  They  can  be  carried  in  a  man's  vest 
pocket  or  a  lady's  purse  as  readily  as  a  small  fountain 
pen,  always  ready  for  use;  they  should  be  carried  during 
tlie  season  when  colds  are  prevalent  as  a  preventive 
as  well  as  a  quick  relief  from  distressing  symptom^. 

102 


ADHESIVE  PLASTER 
A  Complete  "Repair  Kit" 


Adhesive  plaster,  "surgical  plaster"  br  adhesive 
tape,  as  it  is  variously  called,  is  prepared  by  spreading 
on  cloth,  by  means  of  heavy  machinery,  a  plaster 
mass"  consisting  largely  of  pure  para  rubber,  but  with 
which  have  been  ground  gums,  resins  and  oils  to  give 
it  lasting  adhesiveness. 

Zinc  Oxide  Adhesive  Plaster,  quite  outside  its 
wonderful  field  in  surgery,  is  an  exceedingly  handy 
thing  for  mending  or  sealing  all  sorts  of  things.  It 
sticks  to  wood,  metal,  cloth  gl^^^  ^V^^^'*-"^!^"* 
to  any  dry  surface— as  firmly  as  it  does  to  the  skin. 

Around  tlie  House.    Broken  tool  handles,  broom 
handles,  chair  legs,  whips,  window  panes,  canes,  um- 
brella handles,  jars,  flower  pots,  gloves,  etc.,  etc.,  may 
be  permanently  mended.    Moreover,  since  this  plaster 
is  waterproof,  leaky  garden  hose  can  be  patched  and 
even  lead  or  iron  water  pipes  temporarily  repaired— 
since  -Ihesive  plaster  sticks  to  metal  as  well  as  to  any 
other  ury  sfurface.    In  addition,  hot  water  bottles,  ice 
bass  rubber  gleves,  and  rubber  or  leather  boots  and 
shoe;  can  be  patched  perfectly.    Rubber  coats  and 
ordinary  clothing  of  all  kinds  can  be  mended  by 
bringing  the  edges  of  the  torn  place  ca-cfully  together 
and  pressing  adhesive  plaster  on  the  inner  side     Ad- 
hesive plaster  forms  a  perfect  air-tight  seal  for  fruit 
and  preserve  jars;  it  will  hold  corks  and  glass  stoppers 
tightly  in  bottles  that  are  taken  along  when  traveling. 

In  tlie  Office.  There  are  almost  hourly  uses  for 
adhesive  plaster  in  a  business  office.  Aside  from  cover- 
ing cuts  and  protecting  fingers,  it  is  superior  to  metal 
"clips"  for  holding  together  correspondence.  Durable 
index  tabs  are  quickly  made  with  it  and  instantly 
Shed  exactly^  where  wanted.  It  forms  a  perfect 
insulation  for  electric  Ught  wires  And  for  torn  l.opk 
covers,  letters,  etc.,  there  is  nothing  so  easy  to  apply. 

For  Autoists.    No  automobile  repair  kit  would  be 
without  its  ten-yard  spool  of  Zinc  Oxide  Adhesive 

103 


S?nes»ve 


Adhesive  Plaster  Cylin  'ers  one  yard  long. 

P!.;ist(M-  if  all  owners  knew  from  experience  even  a  few 
things  that  can  be  done  with  it  in  emergencies.  Loose 
tires  may  he  bound  cm,  inner  tu})Ps  patched,  small 
f>low-outs  patched,  or  a  leaky  radiator  fixed.  A  wire 
connection  can  be  insulated,  a  rattling  wind  shield 
silenced  a  broken  celluloid  window  patched  and  even 
a  complete  temporary  fan  belt  made. 

For  Sportsmen  and  Athletes.  Nothing  makes  a 
better  grip  on  tennis  racquet,  golf  club,  or  baseball 
nat,  than  adhesive  plaster,  one  inch  wide. 

Wrapped  tightly  around  the  splintered  shaft  of 
a  golf  club  or  to  bind  a  split  or  hold  a  loosening  ferrule 
on  a  hshmg  rod,  adhesive  plaster,  carried  in  the  pocket 
mil  often  prevent  the  loss  of  a  whole  dav's  sport 


Spool. 


104 


Applied  for  Bowling 

Sportsmen's  boots  can  be  given  an  immediate  and 
practically  waterproof  emergency  patch. 

Bowlers,  fishermen  and  golfers  in  particular,  securt^ 
protection  to  their  fingers  and  hands  that  enables 
them  to  avoid  blisters  and  sore,  chafed  skm. 

B  &  B  Zinc  Oxide  Adhesive  Plaster  is  sold  by  drug 
stores  put  up  in  more  than  a  score  of  convenient 
Tty  L  and  sizes-  from  the  small  pocket  size  cyhnders 
aSd  flat  boxes  of  one  yard  and  the  two  and  one-naif 
and  four-yard  spools  to  the  large  rolls  seven  and 
twelve  inches  wide  that  surgeons  require. 

For  ordinary  everyday  uses  the  fi^^.f ^^  ten-^^^^^^^ 
snools  which  come  in  widths  from  one-half  mch  to  four 
tncC  are  the  most  desirable  as  well  as  the  most 
economical. 


Applied  for  Fishing. 
105 


r. 


,.s. 


Adhesive  Plaster— At,  the  OfB 


CO 


Insulates  elertrio  wiring.     Mends  torn  letters  and  binds 
apondenro.    Repair  for  cracked  r-uapidor. 


corre- 


106 


"  Adhesive  Plastei— Around  the  House 

107 


s 


Adhesive  I'lastef  for  Sportsmen. 

Makes  Buperior  grips  for  golf  club,  tennis  racquet  or  baaeball 
bat,  mencfs  split  shaft  of  golf  club,  patches  glove,  holds  ripwd 
cover  on  tennis  ball,  supports  etram  or  painfularch  of  K 
protects  and  prevents  blistered  heel.  ' 

108 


ACCIDENT  CASES 


A  good  deal  of  the  value  in  First  Aia  work  acH-nas 
upon  the  dressings  used. 

one  ,nay  know  ^^ :^'^X:Z^::'- 

UmtedStat^J^rmy  and  Navy  a„^™_,^^   ,^^,,,i„,, 
S^anfL  *e  ZJ  ^  well  as  ti.e  factory. 

The  folW.„.  Hst  of  the.  accident  ca.e._..v.n. 
tsJCtve"  wf ^ereclef-and  ho.  weU  each  . 
adapted  for  its  special  use. 


No.  2-TraTelers'  Accident  Packet.    Tocket  size, 
sealed  carton,  containing: 

cc     One  Triangular  Bandage.     ^atetA 
One  Compress,     une  inaug, 

Pins. 


^„    a-U.   S.   Army    Style.    First   Aid    Packet. 
pocket  size  metal  case,  containing: 
Two  Compresses.     Safety  Pins. 

109 


No.    4— Automobile    Accident    Case.    Enameled 
JMctal  case,  size  3  inches  by  7  inches,  containing: 

One  First  Aid  Packet  No.  2.  One  >  ard  Plain  Gauze. 
( )ne  ( hiu-Av.  Hnndase.  One  Muslin  Bandage.  Two 
Iodine  Swnhs.  One  box  A<ihesive  Plaster..  One 
tube  Ointment.     Scissors.     Tvv     :ers.    Safety  Pins. 


No.  5— Family  Accident  Case.    Cardboard   bo.x, 
size  6  inches  by  9  inches,  containing: 

One  First  Aid  Packet  No.  2.  One  yard  Plain  Gauze. 
One  ounce  Absorbent  Cotton.  One  piece  Picric 
Acid  Gauze.  Two  Gauze  Bandages.  Four  Muslin 
Bandages.  One  box  adhesive  Plaster.  Two  Iodine 
Swabs.  One  Tourniquet.  One  Belladonna  and 
Capsicum  Plaster.  One  tube  Ointment.  Safety 
Pins.     First  Aid  Handbook. 

110 


No   10- Household  First  Aid  Cabinet.    This  is  a 

;    .1      ,11  .Hhinet  white  cnauulwl  insi.le  anil 

•■Tk:^  tl 4  ap^^^^^^^^^  the  out»ide.    It  forms 

rL^fltlCand  altTactive  fixture  for  hath.«m  or 

nursery.  ,      t 

The  contents  were  selected  to  cover  the  needs  of 

home  first  aid.    They  are; 

one  spool  Zinc  Oxide  A^tes-ve  Plastor^2  m  V«^^^^^^ 

5  yards.    Two  ya"f  J^^^^^^o  C.au^e  Band- 
Package,  Ah-rh™t  "r,™  ,  p^^„^^^^_ 

,ges  1  mch  l-y  >«  ;^"'^o„t  Muslin  Bandage,  2 
2  inches  by  10  J''"';-  '  p„^^,  3  Handy-Fold 
inches  by  5  yards,    f  °"„'^'  ,  ,.^p„,ket  No.  2. 

B  &  B  First  Aid  Handbook. 

Ill 


1 


I   1 

1 


No.  6— First  Aid  Cabinet  Enameled  metal  wah 
case.  The  cabinet  measures  19»^xl2  inches— 3  incht^ 
deep.  It  JH  strongly  made  of  sheet  metal,  enameled  a 
dark  blue  inside  and  out.  There  are  handles  for 
carrying,  and  rings  for  hanging  against  the  waU.  A 
small  padlock  will  lock  it. 

On  the  inside  of  the  cover,  printed  in  large  type,  are 
brief,  adequate  instructions  that  anyone  can  follow. 
It  holds  in  compact  get-at-able  form  the  following: 

Two  First  Aid  Packets  No.  2.    Two  Burn-Dressing 

Packets.     Four  one-yard  packages   Plain  Gauze. 

Two  quarter-pound  packages  Absorbent  Cotton. 

One  Spool  Zinc  Oxide  Adhesive  Plaster,  1  inch  wide. 

Four    Gauze    Bandages,    1    inch    by    10    yards. 

Eight   Gauze   Bandages,   2  inches   by   10  yards. 

Six  Gauze  Band-^.'res,  2^  inches  by  10  yards. 
Six  Muslin  Bandages,  2  inches  by  5  j-ards  Six 
Muslin  Bandages,  2}4  inches  by  5  yards.  One 
Bottle  Antiseptic  Solution  U.S.P.  One  Bottle 
Aromatic  Spirits  Ammonia.  Six  Iodine  Swabs. 
One  Jar  Carbolated  Petrolatum.  One  Tourniquet. 
Four  Splints.  Two  Papers  Safety  Pins.  One  Pair 
Scissors.  One  Pair  Tweezers.  One  B  &  B  First 
Aid  Handbook. 

112 


"iiilicrxir'iieiir.* 


No  7-Minei8'  First  Aid  Cabinet,  l.nain.ua 
metal  wall  case,  llH  inches  wide  by  18  inche.  long, 
containing: 

Twelve  Triangular  Bandages,  in  cartons.  Forty- 
two  Sterile  Bandage  Compresses;  eighteen  s.na. 
eighteen  medium,  six  large.  Six  yards  Pkhc  Arul 
Gauze.  Bottle  Aromatic  Spirits  Ammonia^  bix 
Paper  Cups.  Six  Splints.  One  Tournujuet.  S,x3oi. 
SciLrs.  Tweezers.  Safety  Pins.  B  &  B  First 
Aid  Handbook. 

No  g-IndustrUl  First  Aid  Cabinet  Enameled 
metal  wall  case.  Complies  with  requirements  of 
New  York  State  Law.    Contents: 

Four  1-yard  packages  B  &  B  Plain  Gauze     Four 
HK>unce  B  &  B  Handy  Package  Absorbent  Co  t^on. 
oS  U-pound  Handy  Package  Absorbent  Cotton. 
Sne  Spo^l  Zinc  Oxide  Adhesive  Plaster,  1  inch  by 
5  yards.     Eight  Gauze  Bandages,  2  ^ches  by 
io'  yards.      Four   Gaaze   Bandages    2V^   inches 
bv  10  yards.    Six  Muslin  Bandages,  2  mches  by  5 
vLds     Four  Muslin  Bandages,  2^2  mches  by  5 
ya^:    TwelveB&B  Iodine  Swabs.   OneJ-tAid 
Packet  No.  2.    One  Burn-Dressmg  Packr       One 

2-ounce  bottle  Aromatic  «Pi"^V^Tnd' B^r. 
3-ounce  Collapsible  tubes  Petrolatum  and  Bicar- 
bonate Soda,  3%.    One  2-ounce  bottle  C^tor  OiL 
One  2.ounce  bottle  Boric  Acid  ^^'^'^l^l^^^^^^ 
Pair  Scissors.    One  Pair  Tweezers.    ^2^^^^^ 
Safetv    Pins.     One    Tourniquet.      Four    Wooaen 
IpUnl-two  sizes.    One  dozen  Wooden  Applica- 
tor wound  with  cotton.       One  dozen  Wooden 
T^'gue    Depressors.      One   Graduated    Medicine 
GlZ^ounco.    One  Eye  Dropper.    One  3  &  B 
First  Aid  Handbook. 

113 


sifj^iySk,^-  !• 


I 


\- 


Small  Hiindy-Fold  Plain  Gauze  with  two  strips  of  B  &  B  Zim 
Oxide  Adhesive  Plaster,  one-inch,  for  eye  dressing  following  the 
removal  of  a  foreign  body. 

HANDY-FOLD  PLAIN  GAUZE 

Here  is  an  ideal  emergency  dressing  for  wounds, 
boils,  sores,  vaccination,  etc.  Surgical  gauze  is  folded 
again  and  again  to  make  small  square  pads  of  many 
thicknesses  and  with  no  raw  edges  exposed. 

Each  piece  is  enclosed  in  a  transparent  paper 
envelope  and  steam  sterilized  after  being  sealed. 

There  are  two  styles  of  Handy-Fold  Gauze,  both, 
however,  are  put  up  in  boxes  containing  five  yards, 
'i'he  size  of  the  individual  pieces  constituting  the 
difference — for  in  one  there  are  thirty  envelopes  of 
gauze;  in       >  other  ten  envelopes. 

The  important  feature  of  Handy-Fold  Gauze  is 
the  sealed  envelope.  It  gives  positive  assurance  of 
asepsis.  For  whether  a  wound  r(>quires  a  single  pad 
or  several,  tlie  en\elope  protects  the  gauze  up  to  the 
moment  it  is  applied. 

114 


:-^4 


k 


Handy-l'old  Plain  Gauze-6  x  m  in<-h.>>^. 


Hond>  -I  i>1d  1 
Plain  ( i  a  u  7  e 


10  Pieces 


li.ufr  a    Blsik 


Hai.dy-Fold  Plain  Gauxe-18  x  Wl  inches. 


fe 


116 


•.>ii 


'.-     /-c  ^.>.,.^;:.. .;^?^'S^3^ 


Plain  Gauze — Five- Yard  Handy  Package  Open. 

SURGICAL  GAUZE 

Plain  Gauze  prepared  especially  for  the  purpose 
by  being  made  exceedingly  absorbent  as  well  as  freed 
from  any  irritating  substances  and  finally  sterilized 
is  the  one  safe  dressing  for  wounds. 

B  &  B  Plain  Gauze  is  prepared  with  particular 
care  and  is  unusually  white,  soft,  free  from  impurities 
and  absolutely  neutral. 

Moreover,  B  &  B  Plain  Gauze  in  both  one  and 
five-yard  rolls  (the  sizes  generally  wanted)  is  put  up 
in  transparent  paper,  placed  in  cartons  and  then 
><terilized ;  after  which  it  is  sealed  to  exclude  dust  and 
germs  without  again  being  opened.  This  process  in- 
jures an  aseptic  gauze  tliat  can  be  depended  upon  for 
every  kind  of  wound  dressing. 

Another  feature  of  B  <fe  B  Gauze  is  the  Handy 
Package.  As  the  illustration  shows  this  carton  opens 
on  the  side  so  that  the  gauze  that  is  needed  can  be 
unrolled  and  cut  off  without  taking  out  and  handling 
the  entire  roll,  thus  exposing  it  to  possible  contamina- 
tion. Ask  your  druggist  for  B  &  B  Plain  Gauze  to  get 
this  package  and  perfect  contents. 

110 


Plain  Gauze  Bandage. 

BANDAGES 

«,imhpr  of  different  bandages 

Generany  speaking,  the  ^-^^  ^'j^^'^tZ 
i,  .i„.p.y  t.  hold  ~^2^-^„,  r t^noa  ov,.r 

;:inbi:"— -! ;. .  ho,d  s^w  a...,. 

over  the  wound. 

Cauze  bandages  a.e  thin,  soft  a^absorbent     For 

muslin  bandages. 

117 


Roller  bandages  of  unbleached  muslin  are  firm  uik 
strong.     They  are  used  to  cover  gauze  bandages  wiu' 
the  part  is  to  be  used,  such  as  on  the  sole  of  foot,  handl 
etc.     Where  a  firm  support,  through  tight  binding 
required,  they  are  much  better  than  the  lighter  gauz6 
bandages. 

Ten  yards  is  the  regular  length  for  gauze  bandage 
and  five  yards  for  muslin. 

Both  kinds  of  bandages  should  be  rolled  firmlyj 
The  edges  should  be  free  from  ravelings.  Finally  the.\j 
should  be  wrapped  and  sealed  to  protect  them  befure] 
use. 


Roller  Bandage. 


ite 


B  &  B  Household  Ointment 

A  SUPERIOR  HEALING  SALVE 

1       „«.  the  most  satisfactory  kind  o! 
For  everyday  use  the  m  ^i^^sions,  sores, 

ointment  to  be  ."PP^^^;*" '"  AntLptlc  qualities  should 

B  &  B  Household  Omtn,™t.^mo^      ^^  ^^^  ^ 

we  believe  it  to  be  ideal '"'  hov«     eruptions,  etc.,  and 

tion  to  scratches  cut.         ^^l 

a.  a  general  heahng  av       ation  ^^^ 

B  &B  Household  0  nt-°^':Xt  it  should  be 

ss^r'ardtrStt,:?^".--"---''^- 


I 


119 


BLUE-JAY  FOR  CORNS 

A  corn  may  be  caused  either  by  pressure  or  fric- 
tion from  pressure  or  irritation,  the  skin  becomes 
hardened,  and  callous  spots  result.  When  these  layers 
pt  skm  are  more  condensed  they  form  a  corn,  which 
is  a  callous  spot  with  a  hard  center  that  acts  like  a 
foreignbodytoirritateandinflamethespot.  Thecallou^ 
places  are  found  most  often  on  the  bottom  of  the 
toot,  while  the  corns  generally  appear  on  the  toes. 

How  to  Remove  a  Hard  Corn.    To  remove  the 
ordinary  hard  corn,  apply  a  Blue-jay  Corn  Piaster 

Ko.i^^^v!'%^P?^^''¥  ^'"H^^'  it  is  very  important  to 
bathe  the  foot  in  hot  water  for  ten  minutes  and  thor- 
oughly dry.  The  object  of  this  is  to  soften  the  corn 
and  aid  the  penetration  of  the  B  &  B  wax. 

..J^!^^\^^'^  ''^'''^  i^  removed,  the  toe  may  remain 
sensitive  for  a  lew  days-until  the  nerves  regain  their 
natural  protective  cushion.     During  that  time  the  best 
protection  is  Blue-jay  with  the  B  &  B  wax  scraped  out 
How  to  End  a  Soft  Corn.    The  cause  of  a  soft  crn 

H.;  .K^"'^''^•i;''*  "^^  ^^'^^'^  <'orn-pressure  and  fric- 
tion, the  only  difference  being  that  a  soft  corn  is  caused 
by  one  toe  rubbing  against  another  instead  of  against 


120 


To  cure  a  soft  corn,  buine  the  foot  in  hot  water  to 
.luce  the  inflammation  and  apply  Blu-jay  with  wax 
emoved,  as  described  in  circular. 

Tf  there  is  much  perspiration  wear  a  Hi  of  B  &  B 
landy  Package  Ab^rbent  Cotton  between  the  toe.. 

Vascular  Coras  and  Callosities.  Vascular  corn. 
DDear^^ariably  on  the  sole  or  ball  of  the  foot  and 
S  oSowth  of  the  callous  spots  so  often  found 

here. 

A  vascular  corn  is  filled  with  minute  blood  vessels 
naWng Treatment  a  difficult  matter,  but  Blue-jay  will 
afford  immediate  relief  from  pam. 

Avnid  This  Danirerous  Practice.    The  "trimming  ' 
or  euU^g  o    cor^B  or  callosh       with  knife  or  razor 
IZt  bf  too Ttrongly  condemned..    Blood  poisoning 
harresulted  from  the  use  of  sharp  instruments. 

411  recognized  writers  on  Chiropody,  particularly 
rho;eVrtEy  in  the  world  of  medicine  an;^^-f  J^ 
continually  warn  their  readers  against  applvmg  an 
ordinary  knife  or  razor  to  the  foot. 


\.vv. 


/^y 


=:--^=^'Si- =^^?^ 


ThU  nioture  shows  a  hard  corn  as  it  lies  imbedded 
in  the  tr  Thfcorn  is  V-shaped,  and  the  pam  is 
eauled  by  the  lower  point  pressing  on  tlte  nerves. 

Faring  a  corn  simply  removes  the  top  of  Vt     For 

corn  is  left. 

Paring  a  corn,  like  ->.  X,^,^'"^*?  Wa.!: 

No  cutting  of  corns  should  ever  be  attempted. 

121 


Commoii  Com  Plasters  Will  Not  Cure.    The  pu 

fKJse  of  the  ordinary  old  style  felt  corn  plasters 
simply  mechanical— to  protect  the  corn  from  furthc  i 
irritation.     Blue-jay  is  a  new  idea. 

The  secret  of  Blue-jay  is  that  it  takes  out  the  con 
—root  and  all— without  pain  or  discomfort  and  doe 
It  in  48  hours. 

Blue-jay  is  absolutely  free  from  harmial  chemical- 
or  dyes. 

Blue-jay  is  sold  by  druggists  everywhere. 


t22 


v,i5i-  ^■'T7/emFi'':£m 


INDEX 

Vbdomen,  bandaging      20 

Abdomen,  bleeding  from •     ^^ 

Absorbent  Cotton       jq,j 

Accident  Cases 23 

Acid,  Burns      Iq;^ 

Adhesive  Plaster      g 

Arteries,  The 13 

Arterial  Bleedmg H 

Antiseptics       • 3^:  39  (ji 

Artificial  Respiration      .27 

Arm,  broken 33 

Ankle,  broken      ^^ 

Back,  broken "    '    .   117 

Bandages      50 

Bandaging    •    •    v    \ .     13 

Bleeding  (Hemorrhage)      g 

Blood,  The       11 

Blood  Poisonmg      5 

Body,  The    .    •  • '    .     89 

Boils— How  to  protect       q 

Bones,  The       •  '    .  26 

Broken  Bones  {I  ractures) '    .    .  34 

Bruises 23 

Burns g3 

Carrying  Patients       20 

Chest,  Bleeding  from  ....  ^^ 

Cleanliness,  Surgical       .    • gg 

Carbuncles— How  to  protect ^^ 

Chicken  Pox _  27 

Collar  Bone,  broken .  102 

Cold  in  Head,  relief  of       21 

Collapse  (Shock)     .    .  88 

Confinement 73 

I      Contagious  Diseases       120 

Corns .    .  90 

Cotton,  Absorbent      .    .  100 

_       Court  Plaster       ^^^ 

Dental  Floss '    '.   '.     74 

Diphtheria 24 

Dislocations     

123 


CMrJ.:VUMES.-iL^il4 


INDEX— (Continued) 

J^''*'"^^:''^"'"      73toS:, 

Electric  Shock ... 

Eye — Foreign  Bodj'  "'•■.......    .     7/ 

Faintiog  (Syncope) 90 

First  Aid  Cabinets •                  ill  Us 

Fnisers,  Broken '28 

Fractures  (Broken  Bones)              2r 

Foot,  Broken  or  (Vushe;! tl 

Foreign  Bodies ' l'^ 

Formaldehyde  Fumigation 70 

Fumigation "a 

Gauzes.  Surgical      114  to  US 

(»erms — Germicides U 

Hand,  Broken  .    .  00 

Health  Hints ..'.'. -o 

Hemorrhage  (Bleeding)      ....    .    ...,['     13 

Insects— Insecticides 70 

Infection,  Blood  Poisoning    ......"'*     11 

Iodine  Swabs        o^ 

Jaw,  broken      2« 

Jaw,  dislocated .......  25 

Knee-Cap,  broken       33 

Lightning      ok 

Liquid  Court  Plaster 100 

Lungs,  Bleeding  from .* 20 

Leg,  broken                     .'*.*.*.'.  28 

Maternity  Packet        .    .  m 

Medicated  Plasters         ...."" 97 

Menthol  Inhaler                         mo 

Muscles,  The       ...        ^"^ 

Mustard  Plasters     .                      o? 

Measles ?? 

unips     -" 

Nerves       .„ 

Nosebleed "... 9(1 

Nose,  broken    ....  -,  .»« 

124 


ET- 


.<D^  fM 


INDEX— (Continued  i 


Plaster,  Adhesive 

master,  Court      •    •    »  '  /  a 
masters,  Medicated,  Mvistard 

Poisoning 
Poisons 


1(M» 

05  to  W 

41 

4:uor)a 

43 


Acetic  Acid       45 

Aconite     "  45 

Alcohol      45 

Ammonia      45 

Antimony 45 

Arsenic      .        40 

Arsenious  Acid  4C, 

Atropine       

.    .  46 

Belladonna  46 

Bichloride  of  Mercury ^g 

Blue  Stone ^\^^ 

Blue  Vitriol      

46 

Camphor       .    • 46 

Cantharides      46 

Carbolic  Acid 53 

Cat  Bites      4<i 

Caustic  Potash 4C, 

Caustic  Soda "  47 

Chloral      47 

Chloral  Hydrate  47 

Chloroform       •    •    • •   "  47 

Chloroform  Lmnnent     •    •  ^~ 

Cocaine »" 

Codein       47 

Copper  bulphate      .^^ 

Corrosive  Sublimate                   4^ 


Creosotf    . 
Croton  Oil 


4*4 


48 
53 

48 


48 


Digitalis 

Dog  Bites     

Dog  Button      

Fowler's  Solution ...     48 

Fox  Glove ^g 

Henbane       

125 


I\DEX-(ConUnued) 

florse  Bites      .  -.^ 

Hydrochloric  Acid                       .    .    !  44 

Hydrocyap'c  Acid  44 

Hyoscyainuh .    .  48 

^>dino ■     4,j 

Knock-out  Drops 4f) 

Laudanum    .    .    .  41) 

[^^'^    ^;        : .'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.  a\) 

Lunar  \  uustic      .    .  4(j 

^^y^ '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.  40 

Matches 4,^ 

Mercury ^jj 

Mercury  liichlDtide                ......  4k 

Monks  Hood 40 

Morpliine 40 

Muriatic  Acid .    .    .    .  44 

Mushrooms       4() 

Nitrate  of  Silver      r,] 

Xitric  Acid -14 

Nux  Voni'!  a 50 

Oil  Vitriol         r^Q 

<^pium       ......''  50 

( )xalic  Acid       44 

P^^"^« '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.  50 

Paregoric       i^q 

Paris  Green      '^0 

Phenol 50 

Phosphorus .    .  50 

Potash       •    .    .    .    .  . 

Ptomaine 51 

Prussic  Acid 44 

Hat  Poison       5j 

Silver  Nitrate 51 

Snake  Bites 53 

Soda       51 

Spanish  Fly 51 

Strychnine ^^ 

Sugar  of  Lead 51 

Sulphate  of  Copper !    !  51 

Sulphuric  Acid .    .  44 

126 


INDEX— ^  Continued) 


Tartar  Emetic 
Tincture  Aconite 
Tincture  Bellailur. 
Tincture  Iodine 
Toadstools    .    .    • 


a 


Wolfsbane     . 
Wood  Alcohol 


Zinc  .  •  • 
Zinc  Chloride 
Zinc  Sulphate 


Ribs,  broken    . 
1  Roller  Bandage 


51 

52 

52 

52 

52 

52 

52 

52 
52 
52 

30 

118 

73 
37 


Shock— (Collapse)      35 

Shock— Electric       .    .    .  :^2 

Skull,  Fractured      .27 

SUngs 29 

Splints                                       ■    '    ". -^ 

Sprains                                                        ...  l^ 

Sterilization      •.      :           ....  20 

Stomach,  Bleeding  from g2 

Sulphur  Fu"?lS*l'^''„u,_a„eat  Exhaustion"       54,  55 
|?lVlir^^f*ortSeSt.pir.tio„       .      3«,«1 

Syncope  (Fainting) ^^^ 

Teeth,  Care  of ....••     ^^ 

Tourniquet  ...         56 

Triangular  Bandage    .  •    • 70 

Tuberculosis ^^^ 

Vaccination-Pro^ection^of^Soro      .    .    •    •    •    •    •     2^ 

14 


\aricose  Veins-Bleeding  from 

Veins         •   .•    • 

Veins,  Bleeding  from       -    •    • 

Whooping  Cough 

Wounds 

Wrist,  broken      .    •    •    • 

127 


75 
12 
33 


I 


